History of the Motherboard

Techquickie ·Techquickie ·2018-05-06 · 1,298 words · ~6 min read
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0:07 just adding a CPU a stick of RAM a storage device and a power supply to a
0:12 mini ITX motherboard will give you a small and fully functional computer in a
0:17 matter of minutes and this is possible because of how many different functions
0:22 the average motherboard combines into one little slab of like fiberglass metal
0:28 and silicon but it wasn't always like this in fact early electronics didn't
0:33 have anything resembling the lovely green boards with black integrated
0:37 circuits that were used to today instead it was common to see individual full
0:42 sized wires linking every capacitor resistor and other component necessary
0:47 to make up a full computer system unsurprisingly this approach took up
0:52 tons of space added a bunch of weight and was relatively fragile meaning that
0:59 the printed circuit board took off in popularity pretty quickly starting in
1:03 the 1950s it should be noted however that these early PCBs were still a far
1:09 cry from the RGB motherboard that you might have sitting in your computer
1:13 right now while back then a simple device like a radio might have gotten
1:19 away with using just one PCB full-fledged computers needed many
1:24 circuit boards to handle different functions connected by a backplane that
1:29 you might consider to be a forerunner of the modern motherboard unlike true
1:34 motherboards though these back planes tended to be dumb connections with no
1:38 actual logic that consisted of little more than a bunch of slots lined up in a
1:43 row so that other expansion cards could be plugged in for example the Altair
1:48 8800 used one slot to insert a processor
1:52 another for memory and so on it wasn't
1:55 until 1981 that we got a big upgrade the
1:59 planar board in the original IBM PC featured an Intel 8088 CPU built in
2:06 memory and actual external IO so it was
2:10 far more than just a glorified bundle of
2:13 wire like smooshed together all you
2:16 could connect directly to it was a keyboard and a cassette drive but it
2:21 also included a handful of expansion slots that didn't look too different
2:25 from what we're used to today and those slots were important because
2:28 motherboards were still so simple that they didn't have features that we
2:32 consider basic now like drive headers
2:36 for example so if you wanted to load up your copy of flight simulator 1.0 you
2:41 would need a standalone disk interface card and we didn't see modern memory
2:47 modules that fit into RAM slots until the mid-1980s either by the late 80s
2:53 though engineers had fully embraced the goal of integrating more and more
2:57 functions onto the motherboard and so little ICS called super i/o chips were
3:03 becoming more common these functioned like rudimentary versions of a modern
3:08 chipset they provided drive controllers ports for printers mice keyboards and
3:13 other devices and the systems BIOS now
3:17 that all doesn't sound like a huge deal today but super i/o chips took up less
3:22 space and they were much more cost effective than expansion cards setting
3:27 the stage for full-featured modern motherboards around the same time in
3:32 1987 specifically we've got the first ever integrated VGA graphics chips when
3:38 IBM released model 50 of their almost
3:41 famous personal system - unlike modern
3:44 integrated GPUs though this was a chip that was affixed to the motherboard
3:49 instead of being built into the CPU itself a paradigm that we saw again
3:53 starting in the mid-1990s as 3d GPUs
3:57 like the s3 trio and the ati rage series
4:00 appeared on motherboards obviating the need for a separate card for basic use
4:05 though GPUs that were soldered onto motherboards began to disappear in favor
4:10 of ones built into CPUs by the mid 2010
4:13 speaking of CPUs let's jump back again to 1989 when the first CPU socket with a
4:20 vaguely modern look socket 1 appeared alongside Intel's wildly popular 486
4:26 processor while earlier designs involved soldering
4:29 the CPU directly to the board or significant force on the part of the
4:34 user to insert or remove them socket one
4:37 had a simple mechanism based around a pin grid array very similar to modern
4:41 AMD sockets though with a mere 169 pins
4:45 but it wasn't just CPU sockets that were getting a facelift expansion slots were
4:50 also changing at that time and it was about time as the ancient is a standard
4:56 had been used since the days of the original IBM PC in 1994 PCI started
5:02 becoming popular in consumer pcs followed by the short-lived AGP for
5:07 graphics cards in 1997 and PCI Express
5:11 which is still with us today in 2004 but
5:14 what about onboard networking in audio well in the mid 1980s there were a
5:19 number of proprietary networking protocols but since the now-familiar
5:23 Ethernet was a relatively simple standard with easy physical construction
5:27 it became the go-to for networking in
5:31 the late 80s and again its simplicity meant that it quickly spread to PC
5:35 motherboards in the early 1990s and although sound cards also started
5:40 appearing on the market in the late 80s and early 90s and we had little internal
5:45 speakers that could emit beeps and bleeps for a while we didn't see true
5:48 fully functional onboard digital sound hit the mainstream until 1999 when Intel
5:54 included the AC 97 standard in its 810
5:58 chipset which incidentally was also the first Intel chipset to include
6:02 integrated graphics meaning it was no longer necessary to have a separate chip
6:08 for video processing be it on the motherboard or on an adapter card so now
6:14 that all of these innovations had a clear home on the PC motherboard the
6:18 stage was set for refinements made possible by decreasing costs and the
6:23 continued miniaturization of components not to mention an increase in processing
6:27 capacity to handle lots of different features meaning that these days even
6:31 small form-factor motherboards feature RGB headers premium power delivery and
6:37 Wi-Fi and of course by lear the 2010
6:41 manufacturers also realized that all those bells and whistles are meaningless
6:45 without some vaguely threatening heatsinks to show all comers that you
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