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just adding a CPU a stick of RAM a storage device and a power supply to a
mini ITX motherboard will give you a small and fully functional computer in a
matter of minutes and this is possible because of how many different functions
the average motherboard combines into one little slab of like fiberglass metal
and silicon but it wasn't always like this in fact early electronics didn't
have anything resembling the lovely green boards with black integrated
circuits that were used to today instead it was common to see individual full
sized wires linking every capacitor resistor and other component necessary
to make up a full computer system unsurprisingly this approach took up
tons of space added a bunch of weight and was relatively fragile meaning that
the printed circuit board took off in popularity pretty quickly starting in
the 1950s it should be noted however that these early PCBs were still a far
cry from the RGB motherboard that you might have sitting in your computer
right now while back then a simple device like a radio might have gotten
away with using just one PCB full-fledged computers needed many
circuit boards to handle different functions connected by a backplane that
you might consider to be a forerunner of the modern motherboard unlike true
motherboards though these back planes tended to be dumb connections with no
actual logic that consisted of little more than a bunch of slots lined up in a
row so that other expansion cards could be plugged in for example the Altair
8800 used one slot to insert a processor
another for memory and so on it wasn't
until 1981 that we got a big upgrade the
planar board in the original IBM PC featured an Intel 8088 CPU built in
memory and actual external IO so it was
far more than just a glorified bundle of
wire like smooshed together all you
could connect directly to it was a keyboard and a cassette drive but it
also included a handful of expansion slots that didn't look too different
from what we're used to today and those slots were important because
motherboards were still so simple that they didn't have features that we
consider basic now like drive headers
for example so if you wanted to load up your copy of flight simulator 1.0 you
would need a standalone disk interface card and we didn't see modern memory
modules that fit into RAM slots until the mid-1980s either by the late 80s
though engineers had fully embraced the goal of integrating more and more
functions onto the motherboard and so little ICS called super i/o chips were
becoming more common these functioned like rudimentary versions of a modern
chipset they provided drive controllers ports for printers mice keyboards and
other devices and the systems BIOS now
that all doesn't sound like a huge deal today but super i/o chips took up less
space and they were much more cost effective than expansion cards setting
the stage for full-featured modern motherboards around the same time in
1987 specifically we've got the first ever integrated VGA graphics chips when
IBM released model 50 of their almost
famous personal system - unlike modern
integrated GPUs though this was a chip that was affixed to the motherboard
instead of being built into the CPU itself a paradigm that we saw again
starting in the mid-1990s as 3d GPUs
like the s3 trio and the ati rage series
appeared on motherboards obviating the need for a separate card for basic use
though GPUs that were soldered onto motherboards began to disappear in favor
of ones built into CPUs by the mid 2010
speaking of CPUs let's jump back again to 1989 when the first CPU socket with a
vaguely modern look socket 1 appeared alongside Intel's wildly popular 486
processor while earlier designs involved soldering
the CPU directly to the board or significant force on the part of the
user to insert or remove them socket one
had a simple mechanism based around a pin grid array very similar to modern
AMD sockets though with a mere 169 pins
but it wasn't just CPU sockets that were getting a facelift expansion slots were
also changing at that time and it was about time as the ancient is a standard
had been used since the days of the original IBM PC in 1994 PCI started
becoming popular in consumer pcs followed by the short-lived AGP for
graphics cards in 1997 and PCI Express
which is still with us today in 2004 but
what about onboard networking in audio well in the mid 1980s there were a
number of proprietary networking protocols but since the now-familiar
Ethernet was a relatively simple standard with easy physical construction
it became the go-to for networking in
the late 80s and again its simplicity meant that it quickly spread to PC
motherboards in the early 1990s and although sound cards also started
appearing on the market in the late 80s and early 90s and we had little internal
speakers that could emit beeps and bleeps for a while we didn't see true
fully functional onboard digital sound hit the mainstream until 1999 when Intel
included the AC 97 standard in its 810
chipset which incidentally was also the first Intel chipset to include
integrated graphics meaning it was no longer necessary to have a separate chip
for video processing be it on the motherboard or on an adapter card so now
that all of these innovations had a clear home on the PC motherboard the
stage was set for refinements made possible by decreasing costs and the
continued miniaturization of components not to mention an increase in processing
capacity to handle lots of different features meaning that these days even
small form-factor motherboards feature RGB headers premium power delivery and
Wi-Fi and of course by lear the 2010
manufacturers also realized that all those bells and whistles are meaningless
without some vaguely threatening heatsinks to show all comers that you
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