WEBVTT 00:00:00.240 --> 00:00:05.680 So, you've just finished working in your favorite image editing program and your 00:00:04.160 --> 00:00:11.280 masterpiece is ready for the art gallery, your web design portfolio, or 00:00:08.320 --> 00:00:16.400 even 4chan. But when you go to save it, you're presented with this baffling 00:00:12.800 --> 00:00:19.279 array of file format options. TIFF, PNG, 00:00:16.400 --> 00:00:23.359 BMP, and come on, why does Photoshop think you look like you know what a JPEG 00:00:21.359 --> 00:00:28.720 is when all you want is a picture of a god hot dog? Well, to answer Hank Hill's 00:00:26.480 --> 00:00:33.600 question, JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group. And despite 00:00:31.279 --> 00:00:37.920 the fancy sounding name, you don't need to be an expert to use it as it's an 00:00:35.920 --> 00:00:42.239 extremely common format in the world of photo storage. JPEGs are popular for a 00:00:40.559 --> 00:00:46.559 number of reasons, but one of the biggest is that they save a lot of 00:00:44.559 --> 00:00:51.200 storage space compared to older formats like BMP, which used to be widely used 00:00:49.360 --> 00:00:56.000 due to its simplicity and compatibility across devices, but has since fallen out 00:00:53.840 --> 00:01:01.120 of favor. Now, to achieve these space savings, JPEGs use what's called lossy 00:00:59.039 --> 00:01:05.840 compression. So, when you save an image as a JPEG, some of that image data 00:01:03.520 --> 00:01:10.960 actually gets discarded to reduce the file size. Now, the way that it does 00:01:08.000 --> 00:01:16.159 this is it compares every 8 by8 block of pixels that make up the image to 64 00:01:13.760 --> 00:01:21.200 standard patterns, then determines how much weight each of those 64 patterns 00:01:18.560 --> 00:01:25.280 contributes to that block. Afterwards, the higher frequency or more 00:01:23.600 --> 00:01:29.200 checkerboard like patterns you see to the lower right have their respective 00:01:27.119 --> 00:01:33.360 weights lowered by an amount that depends on the JPEG quality setting as 00:01:31.439 --> 00:01:37.600 your eyes aren't really all that good at seeing lots of brightness differences 00:01:35.040 --> 00:01:41.200 over a small area. This means that often times these higher frequency patterns 00:01:39.759 --> 00:01:46.079 end up contributing nothing to the compressed image, which is the main way 00:01:43.360 --> 00:01:50.479 JPEG compression can reduce photos down to just around 10% of their uncompressed 00:01:48.560 --> 00:01:55.040 file size with very little loss in perceptible quality. But there's a 00:01:52.240 --> 00:01:59.520 catch. JPEG compression works best with photos because the detail in the photo 00:01:57.280 --> 00:02:03.840 tends to hide compression artifacts. JPEG struggles with sharp edges and 00:02:02.240 --> 00:02:09.119 curves you often find in non-photographic images such as diagrams 00:02:06.479 --> 00:02:13.760 or design elements on web pages. For these, a much better format is the 00:02:11.599 --> 00:02:20.239 graphics interchange format, commonly known as a GIF or GIF. Well, however you 00:02:18.160 --> 00:02:24.319 pronounce it, GIFs use lossless compression, making them ideal for 00:02:22.160 --> 00:02:27.920 simpler images like corporate logos because you won't end up with any of 00:02:25.920 --> 00:02:34.160 those nasty artifacts that are easier to see in a clean, simple design. Gifts can 00:02:30.959 --> 00:02:35.840 also, very notably, even be animated by 00:02:34.160 --> 00:02:41.360 showing multiple images in rapid succession. But their huge drawback is 00:02:38.160 --> 00:02:43.599 that they're only limited to 256 colors, 00:02:41.360 --> 00:02:48.640 meaning they often appear grainy when used for more complex images. So then if 00:02:46.560 --> 00:02:52.720 you want no loss in image quality without the huge file sizes, what do you 00:02:50.959 --> 00:02:57.280 do? Well, this is where you might turn to the increasingly popular PNG format, 00:02:55.360 --> 00:03:01.040 which stands for portable network graphics. Now, as the name suggests, it 00:02:59.599 --> 00:03:05.440 was designed to be useful for sending images over the internet. Now, PNGs can 00:03:03.360 --> 00:03:10.640 reduce the file sizes of graphics heavy images without introducing compression 00:03:07.599 --> 00:03:12.159 artifacts the way JPEG and GIF can. 00:03:10.640 --> 00:03:16.239 Though, the lossless compression means your file sizes will be larger. So, keep 00:03:14.080 --> 00:03:22.159 this trade-off in mind. But it's not all about image quality versus file size. 00:03:18.959 --> 00:03:24.239 PNG also supports transparency, meaning 00:03:22.159 --> 00:03:28.080 image editors and web browsers can understand that certain areas of the 00:03:26.000 --> 00:03:32.159 image are meant to be transparent, allowing more flexibility in how the 00:03:29.920 --> 00:03:36.400 image is used. Of course, there are times when image quality is of paramount 00:03:34.720 --> 00:03:40.080 importance, and you're not as concerned about file sizes, such as in 00:03:38.159 --> 00:03:45.040 professional photography settings where TIFF is a popular format. Now, although 00:03:42.640 --> 00:03:48.959 TIFF can use compression, it also supports uncompressed images as well as 00:03:47.200 --> 00:03:53.200 many different color spaces and other options, making it popular among 00:03:50.879 --> 00:03:58.159 photographers and printers. It's also increasingly common to run across images 00:03:55.200 --> 00:04:02.879 into scalable vector graphics or SVG format, which can be resized as much as 00:04:00.640 --> 00:04:06.640 you like with no loss in quality, meaning file sizes are usually very 00:04:04.959 --> 00:04:10.239 small. And you can learn much more about vector graphics right up here. And 00:04:08.560 --> 00:04:14.400 there's actually one important format that isn't really a format at all. RAW 00:04:12.560 --> 00:04:19.440 images, which are also sometimes referred to as digital negatives. Now, 00:04:17.040 --> 00:04:24.880 just like a negative from an old 35mm film camera, a raw file isn't an actual 00:04:22.720 --> 00:04:30.000 picture, but it contains the information needed to create one. So, it's a very 00:04:27.600 --> 00:04:33.919 lightly processed file that contains as much of the original information 00:04:31.600 --> 00:04:38.960 captured by the camera sensor itself as possible. Raw files typically require 00:04:36.560 --> 00:04:43.919 special codecs to open them on a desktop image editor. But raw images are favored 00:04:41.680 --> 00:04:48.639 by photographers because having all of that original data opens up so many more 00:04:46.400 --> 00:04:52.560 editing options such as more granular control over brightness and colors than 00:04:50.400 --> 00:04:56.800 would otherwise be possible. Now, some raw formats, and they are not all the 00:04:54.800 --> 00:05:01.759 same, even allow things like white balance or overexposure to be corrected 00:04:58.960 --> 00:05:06.160 after the fact. Whoa. Then after editing, raw images can just be saved as 00:05:04.000 --> 00:05:10.240 whatever format makes the most sense. So, I hope this video has made it a bit 00:05:08.240 --> 00:05:14.080 clearer why there are so many different formats for something that seems as 00:05:12.080 --> 00:05:18.080 simple as displaying images. 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