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Chances are you've played a game or read a cyberpunk novel that's featured

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characters with super awesome bionic body parts at some point. Uh Jax from

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Mortal Kombat, Adam Jensen from DSX, or Barrett Wallace from Final Fantasy, just

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to name a few. And the idea of powered

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artificial limbs that work just as well as real ones or even better has long

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been a mainstay in fiction. But could we be getting close to making this a

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reality for people who have been unlucky enough to lose an ARM or a leg? If so,

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it'll have been a long time coming. False limbs and digits made from

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materials such as wood, iron, and leather have been in use for millennia.

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Everywhere from ancient Egypt to the Roman Republic to the high seas of the

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16th century, where peg legs were famously used by pirates. But even

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though prosthetics have been around a long time, for the vast majority of

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their history, they didn't provide much functionality other than aesthetics

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except for artificial legs that would at least allow a person to stand. And while

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various people over the centuries have created designs to make prosthetics more

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functional, such as rudimentary joints at the knees, the biggest advancements

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have been made in the past few decades. Modern manufacturing processes have

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allowed the production of artificial limbs that often look like the real deal

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and also seriously improve the quality of life for the people who use them. And

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computer AED design has enabled precise measurement and modeling of prosthetic

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body parts customized for each patient as well as the manufacturer of

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highquality joints and moving parts modeled closely after their natural

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counterparts. Additionally, materials like silicone and polyvinyl carbonate

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have been used for artificial skin and hair so that prosthetics don't have to

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look like and or feel like cold hunks of

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metal or plastic. But how do patients

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actually control these things? Many prosthetics work with mechanical systems

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powered by the user's own body. For example, artificial hands that can open

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and shut thanks to a cable system that can be operated with simple gestures

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such as moving a shoulder. Other prosthetics use myio electrics, the

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electrical impulses that contract your muscles. So you'll have electrodes that

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are attached to the same place as the prosthetic that can pick up these

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impulses and send them to the artificial limb, which then moves according to what

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the patient wants it to do. But the real excitement in the field surrounds

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prosthetics that are controlled completely by thought, the same way

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you'd control an original body part. In

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recent years, scientists have developed sensors that can be directly implanted

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beneath the skin and that interface with the nerves so that when the brain sends

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an impulse to your ARM that says, "Hey, pick up that can of soda." The sensor

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can send that impulse to a processor which will direct the limb to follow

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your brain's orders. Cool, right? We're even seeing this technology take a step

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further with sensors embedded in prosthetic hands to send signals to the

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brain and restore a patients sense of touch. Just like Luke Skywalker in The

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Empire Strikes Back. And this new generation of smart prosthetics doesn't

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stop at artificial limbs. People who suffer from impaired vision may have

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more options in the future as eye implants that project images directly

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onto the retina could help patients that have suffered physical trauma. And

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implants that make contact with the brain, hooked up to a small camera,

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could bypass the eye entirely and provide your brain's vision center with

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images from the outside world. Just don't expect anything that will let you

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