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if you were born before the late 90s you probably remember a time when laptops

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were heavy clunky power hogs with the elegance of a cinder block but these

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days the cinequinone of laptop marketing seems to be an emphasis on how thin

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light and portable everything is and somehow this is all without compromising

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on performance we're even seeing laptops that are light enough to pick up with

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just two fingers yet come with high-end processors displays and storage

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solutions so how did we get from there to here

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before we answer we'd like to give a huge thank you to our friends over at hp specifically kevin

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wenzel derek canass and kenneth chan for contributing their insights to this

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episode as well as to Intel and hp for sponsoring it first let's look at the most important

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components integrated circuits like cpus

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the transistors that make up a CPU are called mosfets and they have special

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physical properties that allow them to be easily scaled meaning that for a long

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time manufacturers were able to squeeze more and more of them onto a chip

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increasing processing performance and to

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a point these higher performance cpus didn't need additional electrical power

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as long as the size of the actual package stayed about the same

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but more efficient processors aren't the only reason that our laptops are so

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light the small electronic components like inductors and capacitors that feed

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the CPU with power have also gotten smaller by gradually moving towards

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higher switching frequencies so here's what that means for power to get to your

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CPU without frying it the voltage has to be stepped down small components like

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inductors do this by storing small amounts of energy stepping it down and

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releasing it to the CPU a certain number of times every second and it turns out

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the physics behind this process allow higher frequency inductors to be made

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smaller which saves both space and weight in a compact device like a laptop

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even printed circuit boards you know the green layer that everything is mounted

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on have changed the improvements here are harder to see with the naked eye but

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they make a big difference modern laptops use high density

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interconnects meaning that copper traces go through the pcb in multiple layers

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this allows manufacturers to pack more connectivity into a smaller lighter

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space we've also seen improvements from increased manufacturing expertise both

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from past experience and with better tools for predicting outcomes

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nowadays manufacturers can run pretty accurate simulations on exactly what

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various design ideas are going to do to thermal output this reduces the chance

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that bringing the components closer together is going to cause overheating

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in the finished product of course we'd be remiss if we didn't talk about

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improved chassis and battery technology on one hand shrinking connectors have

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made it so you don't have to have a thick design just to accommodate that

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gigantic printer port but there's more to it than that many laptops have

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switched to using alternative metals like lightweight magnesium alloys like

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you'd find in hp's dragonfly elitebook metals such as these are chosen not only

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for their lightweight but also for their relative strength meaning that they're

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not just used for the outside but also for internal brackets that hold

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components in place manufacturing the chassis like the components inside has

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also gotten more precise with advancements in techniques like cnc and

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thix molding which involves heating magnesium into a slurry and then

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precisely injecting it into molds to create components of different shapes

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and sizes we've also seen a whole scale shift away

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from old school nickel cadmium and nickel metal hydride batteries these

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were reliable and hearty but also didn't

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hold as much energy per unit of weight nowadays many laptops use lithium-ion

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and lithium-ion polymer batteries which don't need to weigh nearly as much to

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hold lots of power they've existed for many years but growing demand for

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lightweight devices has led to falling prices making them more and more common

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now of course there are still trade-offs inherent in buying an ultra-thin laptop

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they still face thermal challenges that larger machines with better airflow do

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not meaning that they can't be packed with the fastest hardware on the market

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i mean that's why gaming focused laptops still exist and tend to be larger and

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heavier but for everyday use the sleek and lightweight machines that we have

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today are going to satisfy the majority of users

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speaking of sleek satisfying things i'm off to hit the gym

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right after i tell you about today's sponsor i'm just kidding i don't go to

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the gym it's the hp spectre x360 two-in-one laptop with a super fast

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processor for multitasking media editing and streaming the 10th gen Intel core i7

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1065 g7 CPU delivers powerful quad core

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eight thread processing including Intel iris plus graphics for brilliant color

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and rich 4k HDR video speaking of 4k the

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13.3 inch multi-touch screen has a 4k native resolution and delivers crisp and

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vibrant colors thanks to its OLED technology panel it even uses corning

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gorilla glass nbt so it can hold up well to daily use it also comes with a one

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terabyte drive accelerated by Intel optane for a responsive experience

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next-gen Intel wi-fi 6 and a full suite of features to protect your privacy

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including a built-in privacy screen and unhackable webcam kill switch with a

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microphone mute button and with a 360 degree flip and full design with laptop

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audience tabletop presentation and tablet modes the spectrex 360 is super

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versatile and super portable at just 2.87 pounds and 0.7 inches check it out

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today at the link below thanks for watching guys check out our

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other videos like or dislike this one if you're into that and leave a comment if

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you have a suggestion for a future fastest possible video i will see you

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there you'll be there