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great news everyone we're here at the u.s space and rocket center in

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huntsville alabama and i brought myself

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a friend what's up it's destin from smarter every day and uh he is going to

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be dropping some knowledge bombs today because behind me is the actual guidance

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computer from the saturn v rocket this is one of the engines and maybe you can

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enlighten us what's the significance of the saturn v oh everybody knows that's

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what we use to go to the moon this is the 50th anniversary of the apollo moon

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landing and uh so it's a really big deal right now so yeah what you're gonna talk

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about today the instrument unit that's what got the rocket on course to go to

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the moon and then the apollo computer took over but you're talking about the

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rocket steering wow mark your calendar ladies and gentlemen

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so what we're looking at right now is the instrument unit for the saturn v

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rocket why is it in the shape of a ring well to answer this and many other dumb

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questions we've got some amazing resources today so some of you probably

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don't know this but destin from smartereveryday is literally a rocket

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scientist by training and he actually arranged someone no offense to him quite

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a bit more special as well so the person

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i'm talking to right now is luke talley who actually worked on the flight

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evaluation team for this rocket when he worked at ibm back in the 60s and he was

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kind enough to stick around for literally hours to educate my canadian

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self let's start by breaking down what we're looking at here there are three

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main parts navigation guidance and control is from about the bottom of the

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ring up to a little over halfway up the left side the telemetry section is up at

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the top and the other side is environmental control the umbilical

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plate and our power sources so let's start with that section it includes our

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main power source now some flights we get three of these batteries and some of

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them we get four but it's always the same silver zinc 5300 amp hour

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125 pound batteries now the technology to build lighter

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weight batteries didn't really exist at the time and in fact these aren't even

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rechargeable you just pour the goop in about 28 hours before launch and let it

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rip now these gave the scientists about 11 hours of lifetime depending on which

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of the four buses was pulling power and that was all they needed

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so the crew separates at about four hours and then they only really need

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about another hour or two of tinkering to either send the rocket around the sun

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or smash it into the moon if they want to get some seismic data readings it

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really depended on the purpose of the mission now we've got the rest of the

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environmental control panel or triple point device so called because it's got

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liquid solid and vapor all in one spot

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the main pieces are as follows you've got your cooling duct which runs around

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the entire outside of the ring this circulates conditioned air pre-launch

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because it's pretty hot down at the cape then right before fueling it switches

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over to nitrogen because oxygen and

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rocket fuel is a pretty bad time

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then you've got coolant pumps that pump a liquid coolant to be clear not water

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around to the anodized aluminum cold plates that are distributed around the

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ring and then oh this one really got my

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inner cooling geek all sorts of hot and bothered these two plates here are part

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of what they call the sublimator now if you've got up to 400 watts of

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heat per cooling plate and we've got 15

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of them around the ring you've got to dissipate that somehow but the keen

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witted among you have probably already figured out that in the vacuum of space

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conventional radiators don't work there's no air to exchange the heat with

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so the way the sublimator works is it has a piece of sintered metal that's

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exposed directly to space this reservoir down here then is full of

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water and pressurized nitrogen gas with a flexible membrane in between that

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forces the water through the micro pores in our sintered metal

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now because these channels are so small

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the water freezes nearly immediately

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then because that ice gets exposed to such a low pressure environment it

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sublimates going directly from solid to vapor allowing it to dissipate about 9

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000 watts so this is kind of like conventional

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phase change cooling but space age literally

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this system allows our coolant to stay between 50 and 60 degrees fahrenheit

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throughout the entire mission with only the volume of water in the reservoir to

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fuel it next up power comes in from the batteries to our power distributors

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these are the high current ones here that break out two sub-power

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distributors one at the top of the ring and the other one over on the other side

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those ones go directly to components or

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to further lower current power distributors and the whole thing runs at

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28 volts we'll get back to those a little bit later

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now all this distribution is actually done with relays

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no semiconductor switching or anything like that the cold hard truth is that

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semiconductors just weren't reliable enough yet so the way that that worked

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was they got a signal from the black box called a switch selector so it's the one

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that's right to the right of our tic tac toe box here and that was tied to the

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computer so when it's time to fire a

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retro rocket or start an engine or turn on the cooling system the switch flicks

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now we're getting into navigation guidance and control down here on the

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bottom of the ring so this sphere right here in front of me

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is full of pressurized nitrogen gas and it feeds the gas bearing remember we

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want as little friction as possible to reduce drift for what they call the

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guidance platform now it looks similar to the nitrogen

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ball but the insides are absolutely nothing alike we've actually got a

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breakaway here that we can look at to see the main components three

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accelerometers and three gyroscopes now the fixed thing in the middle is

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called the stable table and before launch they release it and then courtesy

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of our x y and z axis gyros it actually

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maintains a fixed position so it's always in the exact same orientation it

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was left in no matter how the rocket is oriented or traveling around the earth

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now i said exact but that wasn't quite what i meant because for short missions

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this kind of system is fine but for longer ones it needs to get a little

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more advanced because no matter what you do even if you've got a nitrogen bearing

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a gyro is going to drift a little bit so

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if you're doing a multi-month mission you need to build in systems to allow

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you to recalibrate it now the accelerometers which are just

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gyros with a weight hanging off them that torque them causing them to precess

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use the degree of precession as a measure of the acceleration that gets

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sent to the computer which uses that data to calculate velocity which i guess

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brings us pretty nicely to our computer

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so this small box here is the lvdc or

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launch vehicle digital computer this is a truly remarkable machine the

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processing modules had transistors that are actually big enough to see with the

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naked eye and were soldered to the compute chips built into these boards

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using a predecessor to ball grid array soldering and the memory well the 917

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504 bits of working system memory was

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actually hand woven from copper wire and

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iron rings that whole system was double redundant

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for memory and triple redundant for the compute

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destin and i actually go into a little bit more depth on this in the video on

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his channel so don't miss it we're gonna have it linked below the second box here

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is the lvda or launch vehicle data adapter this contains a whole bunch of

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stuff it's got power supplies for itself and the lvdc and a bunch of interfaces

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to other electronic components as well as digital to analog converters and

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analog to digital converters because thing is not everything about this

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system was digital so this cylinder

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right here contains the analog computer

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from the saturn 5. this is the one that actually issues the

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commands to move the engines and steer the rocket so the whole computer here

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digital and analog has no operating system but the thing is you wouldn't

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want to run windows or android on something like this anyway consumer

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operating systems work by queuing up inputs and processing tasks and then

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executing them whenever it's most convenient it basically processes them

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in batches well this is a real-time

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system and it operates on a fixed two second loop with interrupts so if an

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input comes in that must be executed within a given amount of time or people

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could die it needs to be able to handle that

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now let's come back to these two black boxes again remember these are our

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switch selectors they've got 112 lines going out of them

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that carry commands from the computer directly to components or distributors

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telling them to power on or power off so again for example let's say uh the

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cooling vent if we go over our temperature threshold it sends out a

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command that says hey open it up we need to sublimate some ice

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now each stage of the rocket needs these and that's actually what the wiring up

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on the top of the ring is for it's to link our computer here to more of these

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in the other stages although obviously

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they're not attached right now while we're up here this last quarter or so of

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the ring is for the telemetry package so we've got our transmitters measuring

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racks multiplexers and apparently the vhf systems on here are pretty close to

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what apollo 12 would have looked like so this is not an r d thing that might have

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had more telemetry stuff this is pretty darn close to the real deal which i

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guess is a pretty appropriate way for us to celebrate the apollo 11 missions 50th

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anniversary yes my friends it has been that long since humans first walked on

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the moon if you believe in that sort of thing

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led light source and of course less energy consumption again thanks to led

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backlighting it's rated for 30 000 hours

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recommend using it in the rain and you can check it out and buy it today at

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amazon at the link in the video description

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so thanks for watching guys and a massive extra shout out for destin from

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smarter every day again go check out his channel and to the us space and rocket

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center in huntsville alabama for making this entire thing possible they really

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did keep the thing open late for us to finish this video so they're super

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awesome people here and if you're ever in the area make sure you check it out

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if you guys disliked this video you can hit that button but if you liked it hit

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like get subscribed or maybe consider checking out where to buy the stuff we

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featured okay i mean if you want to buy a rocket

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like it's a pretty big endeavor but power to

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you i guess um also linked in the video description is our merch store which has

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cool shirts like the one i'm wearing and our community forum which you should

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totally join that's our standard outro because normally we feature a product that you

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can buy