{"video_id":"fp_HsWkOGJJoQ","title":"TQ: NVMe 2.0","channel":"Techquickie","show":"Techquickie","published_at":"2021-07-21T23:44:00.084Z","duration_s":280,"segments":[{"start_s":0.0,"end_s":4.24,"text":"We're used to getting revisions of computer standards fairly regularly. Think about how","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":4.24,"end_s":9.84,"text":"many versions of USB, DDR, and PCI Express we've been through. But we haven't had to put much","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":9.84,"end_s":15.84,"text":"thought into NVMe so far, as there's only been one major version of it. Until now,","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":15.84,"end_s":22.48,"text":"as the NVMe 2.0 standard has just been released. In case you're out of the loop, NVMe, or Non-Bolatile","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":22.48,"end_s":28.16,"text":"Memory Express, is the protocol that PCI Express connected storage drives use. Because it's much","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":28.16,"end_s":33.44,"text":"faster than the older SATA standard, it's enabled those gaudy four-figure throughput numbers you see","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":33.44,"end_s":39.04,"text":"on manufacturer spec sheets for M.2 drives. And the NVMe 2.0 specification is bringing some new","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":39.04,"end_s":44.0,"text":"features to the table. So let's dive right in. One of the major improvements is for something","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":44.0,"end_s":49.84,"text":"called zoned namespaces. And that might sound like some kind of forward-thinking therapy collective,","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":49.84,"end_s":55.68,"text":"but it's actually a system designed to address some of the biggest issues with SSDs. You see,","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":55.68,"end_s":60.72,"text":"even though SSDs are a lot faster than old-school spinning hard drives, there's a significant","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":60.72,"end_s":66.72,"text":"amount of inefficiency under the hood. Because the cells in an SSD can only be written to so many","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":66.72,"end_s":72.72,"text":"times before they wear out for good, the SSD's internal logic has to move data around in a process","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":72.72,"end_s":78.32,"text":"called wear leveling to make sure certain cells don't exhaust their lifespans more quickly than","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":78.32,"end_s":85.36,"text":"others. Additionally, SSDs can't directly overwrite cells. Instead, cells have to have their data","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":85.44,"end_s":92.0,"text":"erased first. And this has to be done in groups of cells. So any data in that group that the system","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":92.0,"end_s":98.32,"text":"needs to preserve must be copied to an empty area. SSDs reserve a certain amount of space called","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":98.32,"end_s":104.56,"text":"over-provisioning to support these data operations, meaning a significant amount of storage is inaccessible","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":104.56,"end_s":111.28,"text":"to the user. NVMe 2.0's zoned namespaces help alleviate this situation by allowing programs","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":111.28,"end_s":117.68,"text":"to reserve specific physical areas on the SSD and write data for that program sequentially.","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":117.68,"end_s":122.72,"text":"Without zoned namespaces, the SSD itself would be in charge of what data goes where. And this","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":122.72,"end_s":128.56,"text":"often results in a specific program's data being scattered all over the drive, meaning that any","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":128.56,"end_s":134.56,"text":"changes to that data could require lots of those read, copy, delete actions that use a large amount","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":134.56,"end_s":141.04,"text":"of over-provisioned space. But with zoned namespaces, a smaller physical footprint per program","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":141.04,"end_s":147.36,"text":"means the SSD won't have to over-provision as much space, nor do so many reads and writes,","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":147.36,"end_s":152.96,"text":"meaning effectively larger drives, with better endurance for the same cost. And programs could","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":152.96,"end_s":158.88,"text":"also see a performance boost from zoned namespaces as SSDs read and write sequential data faster than","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":158.88,"end_s":164.48,"text":"they do random data. So not only is this good for consumers like you and me, but larger organizations","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":164.48,"end_s":169.76,"text":"should see an even greater benefit than us, since when you're running lots of SSDs in parallel,","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":169.76,"end_s":175.92,"text":"such as inside a gigantic server farm, having that much wasted space and latency","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":175.92,"end_s":181.44,"text":"can have a significant negative impact. Not to mention the direct cost of having to replace drives","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":181.44,"end_s":186.56,"text":"that wear out. The second significant benefit of NVMe 2.0 that we're going to discuss today is","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":186.56,"end_s":193.04,"text":"its surprising support for mechanical hard drives. But why would it support mechanical hard drives?","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":193.6,"end_s":199.44,"text":"Even higher-end drives can't come anywhere close to using the full bandwidth of plain old","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":199.44,"end_s":205.6,"text":"SATA. So what gives? It turns out that recent advances in hard drive manufacturing have allowed","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":205.6,"end_s":211.68,"text":"drives to read data off the platters more quickly, partly due to improvements in the actuators that","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":211.68,"end_s":216.88,"text":"move the drive parts around, and partly due to fitting more data on the platters themselves,","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":216.88,"end_s":221.76,"text":"through techniques like heat-assisted magnetic recording, which you can learn about up here.","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":222.64,"end_s":226.96,"text":"Hammer time. This means that some hard drives that are just starting to hit the market","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":226.96,"end_s":232.32,"text":"can get sustained transfer rates above 500 megabytes per second sequentially,","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":232.32,"end_s":238.16,"text":"which is comparable to SATA-based SSDs. NVMe 2.0 will provide enough bandwidth","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":238.16,"end_s":243.36,"text":"to ensure newer hard drives can max out their potential, especially important in larger settings","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":243.36,"end_s":248.24,"text":"that use lots of hard drives for mass storage. They can share data among themselves quickly.","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":248.24,"end_s":251.92,"text":"Of course, because the NVMe 2.0 spec was released recently,","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":251.92,"end_s":257.12,"text":"it'll be a while before we see products that support it. But hopefully the result will be","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":257.12,"end_s":263.6,"text":"larger, cheaper drives for your home PC, and quicker, more reliable access to cloud services.","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":263.6,"end_s":267.52,"text":"I just wouldn't expect Disney to slash the price of your streaming subscription","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":267.52,"end_s":271.28,"text":"with the money they're saving on drives. World doesn't tend to work like that.","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":271.84,"end_s":275.28,"text":"So thanks for watching guys! If you liked this video, hit like, hit subscribe,","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":275.28,"end_s":279.52,"text":"and hit us up in the comments section with your suggestions for topics we should cover in the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":279.52,"end_s":280.0,"text":"future.","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0}],"full_text":"We're used to getting revisions of computer standards fairly regularly. Think about how many versions of USB, DDR, and PCI Express we've been through. But we haven't had to put much thought into NVMe so far, as there's only been one major version of it. Until now, as the NVMe 2.0 standard has just been released. In case you're out of the loop, NVMe, or Non-Bolatile Memory Express, is the protocol that PCI Express connected storage drives use. Because it's much faster than the older SATA standard, it's enabled those gaudy four-figure throughput numbers you see on manufacturer spec sheets for M.2 drives. And the NVMe 2.0 specification is bringing some new features to the table. So let's dive right in. One of the major improvements is for something called zoned namespaces. And that might sound like some kind of forward-thinking therapy collective, but it's actually a system designed to address some of the biggest issues with SSDs. You see, even though SSDs are a lot faster than old-school spinning hard drives, there's a significant amount of inefficiency under the hood. Because the cells in an SSD can only be written to so many times before they wear out for good, the SSD's internal logic has to move data around in a process called wear leveling to make sure certain cells don't exhaust their lifespans more quickly than others. Additionally, SSDs can't directly overwrite cells. Instead, cells have to have their data erased first. And this has to be done in groups of cells. So any data in that group that the system needs to preserve must be copied to an empty area. SSDs reserve a certain amount of space called over-provisioning to support these data operations, meaning a significant amount of storage is inaccessible to the user. NVMe 2.0's zoned namespaces help alleviate this situation by allowing programs to reserve specific physical areas on the SSD and write data for that program sequentially. Without zoned namespaces, the SSD itself would be in charge of what data goes where. And this often results in a specific program's data being scattered all over the drive, meaning that any changes to that data could require lots of those read, copy, delete actions that use a large amount of over-provisioned space. But with zoned namespaces, a smaller physical footprint per program means the SSD won't have to over-provision as much space, nor do so many reads and writes, meaning effectively larger drives, with better endurance for the same cost. And programs could also see a performance boost from zoned namespaces as SSDs read and write sequential data faster than they do random data. So not only is this good for consumers like you and me, but larger organizations should see an even greater benefit than us, since when you're running lots of SSDs in parallel, such as inside a gigantic server farm, having that much wasted space and latency can have a significant negative impact. Not to mention the direct cost of having to replace drives that wear out. The second significant benefit of NVMe 2.0 that we're going to discuss today is its surprising support for mechanical hard drives. But why would it support mechanical hard drives? Even higher-end drives can't come anywhere close to using the full bandwidth of plain old SATA. So what gives? It turns out that recent advances in hard drive manufacturing have allowed drives to read data off the platters more quickly, partly due to improvements in the actuators that move the drive parts around, and partly due to fitting more data on the platters themselves, through techniques like heat-assisted magnetic recording, which you can learn about up here. Hammer time. This means that some hard drives that are just starting to hit the market can get sustained transfer rates above 500 megabytes per second sequentially, which is comparable to SATA-based SSDs. NVMe 2.0 will provide enough bandwidth to ensure newer hard drives can max out their potential, especially important in larger settings that use lots of hard drives for mass storage. They can share data among themselves quickly. Of course, because the NVMe 2.0 spec was released recently, it'll be a while before we see products that support it. But hopefully the result will be larger, cheaper drives for your home PC, and quicker, more reliable access to cloud services. I just wouldn't expect Disney to slash the price of your streaming subscription with the money they're saving on drives. World doesn't tend to work like that. So thanks for watching guys! If you liked this video, hit like, hit subscribe, and hit us up in the comments section with your suggestions for topics we should cover in the future."}