WEBVTT 00:00:00.160 --> 00:00:08.080 All of these cases have a big problem. Can you tell what it is? If you said the 00:00:06.000 --> 00:00:12.400 intake fans are starving for air flow, give yourself a gold star. This was a 00:00:10.240 --> 00:00:17.920 widespread problem in case design for years. But new airflow edition cases 00:00:16.000 --> 00:00:22.480 have flooded the market, completely solving it. Or have they? See, there's 00:00:20.400 --> 00:00:27.760 nothing that Lee and Lee or Fractal can do about users shoving their cases right 00:00:25.439 --> 00:00:31.119 up against the wall or on top of a shag carpet. You could be totally killing 00:00:30.000 --> 00:00:37.440 your gains, bro. >> Killing your gains. >> Killing your games. 00:00:34.160 --> 00:00:39.360 >> But by how much? How much space does a 00:00:37.440 --> 00:00:44.399 fan need before it gets starved for fresh air? To find out, we sent Adam all 00:00:42.480 --> 00:00:50.239 the way to NASA's Langley Research Center in Virginia. Oh. 00:00:48.239 --> 00:00:54.800 to work with some of the top scientists in America [music] to figure out just 00:00:51.760 --> 00:00:57.120 how close is too close for good PC 00:00:54.800 --> 00:01:02.879 cooling. And how close is too close for me to 00:00:59.600 --> 00:01:05.439 segue to our sponsor, UG Green, their 00:01:02.879 --> 00:01:09.600 IDX series of AI NAS devices are making it easier to organize your videos, 00:01:07.520 --> 00:01:14.840 images, and documents. Learn more at the end of this video or click our link in 00:01:11.439 --> 00:01:14.840 the video description. 00:01:21.439 --> 00:01:27.759 I know how I would try to answer our question, but where would NASA start 00:01:25.600 --> 00:01:31.759 with a problem like this? >> Great question. We're at the hypersonic 00:01:30.000 --> 00:01:35.840 test complex at the NASA Langley Research Center, and we're going to do 00:01:33.680 --> 00:01:40.159 some super scientific stuff, and that means we're using this tape and this 00:01:37.920 --> 00:01:43.840 string. I'm not even joking. This is called tufting and it is decidedly low 00:01:42.320 --> 00:01:47.360 tech but it remains one of the most important forms of aerodynamic testing 00:01:45.680 --> 00:01:51.680 that can be done and it's basically where NASA starts every single time. You 00:01:50.079 --> 00:01:54.960 see air is difficult to study because it looks like this. 00:01:53.971 --> 00:01:59.920 [screaming] >> So we rely on the way it affects other 00:01:57.520 --> 00:02:05.680 things to understand its behavior. >> Wow. I wasn't that far off. What you're 00:02:02.479 --> 00:02:08.000 looking at is a Noctua NFA12X25 00:02:05.680 --> 00:02:12.879 with some acrylic acting as our airflow restrictor or our panel. With tufts or 00:02:11.120 --> 00:02:17.920 little pieces of string on the back side of the fan, we can see how adjusting the 00:02:15.120 --> 00:02:22.640 distance of our panel from 3 1/2 cm down to just.5 cm affects our air flow. We'll 00:02:21.040 --> 00:02:25.840 put the specifics up on the screen and you can pause and read them. 00:02:24.160 --> 00:02:30.280 >> Actually, we changed our minds. There's an article on the lab website. It's in 00:02:27.200 --> 00:02:30.280 the description. 00:02:32.319 --> 00:02:38.560 So, what did we find out? Well, a few things. As you'd expect, at an ample 00:02:37.040 --> 00:02:42.640 distance from our panel, our fan performs admirably, sucking air in on 00:02:40.720 --> 00:02:47.120 one side and blowing it out the other. What I didn't expect, though, was that 00:02:44.959 --> 00:02:52.319 the toughs near the center only started to get a little floppy when the front 00:02:49.440 --> 00:02:55.920 panel got really close, just 1 and 1/2 to 2 cm from the face of the fan. 00:02:54.400 --> 00:03:00.782 Another thing I didn't expect [music] was that getting even closer caused the 00:02:58.400 --> 00:03:05.840 fan to not only blow ineffectively, [music] but even start sucking the tufts 00:03:03.760 --> 00:03:10.080 back into the blades, indicating reversed air flow. But it's a little 00:03:08.319 --> 00:03:13.599 hard to see like this. Oh yeah, I forgot. These are strings. They glow in 00:03:11.519 --> 00:03:17.920 the dark. We took this big ass NASA grade ultraviolet lamp to get maximum 00:03:15.599 --> 00:03:26.000 glow from our tufts while we recorded on this beast, the Kronos 4K12 high-speed 00:03:21.920 --> 00:03:29.760 camera. We're prepping our 1,00fps 4K 00:03:26.000 --> 00:03:31.200 camera. That's about 11 GBs per second 00:03:29.760 --> 00:03:35.519 of data, which means that recording on this for a minute is going to be bigger 00:03:33.120 --> 00:03:39.920 than your Call of Duty install. And in slow motion, we can get a much closer 00:03:37.680 --> 00:03:43.360 look. Note the increased tough movement in our close-up test condition, 00:03:41.280 --> 00:03:46.560 indicating more turbulent flow. And you can even see some of the toughs dragging 00:03:44.959 --> 00:03:51.280 into the middle of the fan where there's areas of low pressure. Pretty cool, huh? 00:03:48.879 --> 00:03:55.519 >> Super cool, Adam. But we have Kronos camera at home. Why did we need NASA for 00:03:53.599 --> 00:04:00.239 this? We didn't. But for what we're going to do next, we sure did. And 00:03:57.760 --> 00:04:03.280 besides, if NASA invites you out, are you really going to say no? They were 00:04:01.920 --> 00:04:06.560 even nice enough to give us a whole tour that included an incredible new maker 00:04:05.360 --> 00:04:11.040 space that they use for rapid prototyping. Our supporters on Floatplane get exclusive access to that 00:04:09.599 --> 00:04:17.199 and a ton of other content. So, if you want to check that out, head over to LMG.gg/flatlane. 00:04:14.879 --> 00:04:21.519 For now, I'll just give you a TLDDR. The Langley Research Center is kind of the 00:04:18.959 --> 00:04:26.000 OG NASA facility. In fact, it predates NASA itself. Founded in 1917 as part of 00:04:24.000 --> 00:04:29.280 the NACA, which is the aeronautics organization that would eventually 00:04:27.360 --> 00:04:32.639 become NASA, the Langley Research Facility was key to numerous discoveries 00:04:31.040 --> 00:04:36.320 and improvements to early flying machines, creating the first hypersonic 00:04:34.479 --> 00:04:39.840 jets and paving the way for space travel and would go on to play a key role in 00:04:38.320 --> 00:04:43.199 the Apollo missions. Currently, one of the focuses of the research center is 00:04:41.520 --> 00:04:46.560 assisting the Artemis campaign to get to the moon as a means to get to Mars. 00:04:45.280 --> 00:04:50.880 Pretty cool. a little bit out of the scope that we're going to be working on today. So, we're going to steal a couple 00:04:48.960 --> 00:04:54.639 of the 3,500 employees that come here every day to do some uh more down to 00:04:53.040 --> 00:04:58.720 earth testing. We're inside of the hypersonic test complex at the NASA 00:04:56.479 --> 00:05:02.320 Langley Research Center to answer that. Wait a second. This is the same lab. 00:05:00.960 --> 00:05:07.440 >> Yep, same lab. >> I thought we were supposed to go somewhere that was like more high-tech. 00:05:04.400 --> 00:05:09.039 >> Oh, it's more high-tech over there. 00:05:07.440 --> 00:05:12.560 >> Oh, right. And this is uh Dr. Lewis Edelman. He's a researcher here at NASA 00:05:10.880 --> 00:05:15.919 and he's helped design all of these experiments that we're going to be running today. 00:05:14.000 --> 00:05:20.560 >> Hello. So, what the heck are we doing? >> So, we've moved on from tuing to 00:05:17.759 --> 00:05:26.919 particle image symmetry or PIV. >> Oh, flashing lights and fancy cameras. 00:05:23.039 --> 00:05:26.919 Sounds like my kind of deal. 00:05:31.360 --> 00:05:38.639 First, we shine a bright light focused into a thin vertical sheet. Then, we 00:05:36.560 --> 00:05:43.120 fill the air with, you guessed it, particles and start rapidly taking 00:05:40.880 --> 00:05:47.360 pictures. [music] Now that might sound like video, but it's different in one 00:05:45.440 --> 00:05:52.880 important way. Instead of taking images at a constant frame rate, we instead 00:05:49.759 --> 00:05:55.039 take two samples just microsconds apart 00:05:52.880 --> 00:05:59.360 followed by a short gap, then another two samples, and so on and so forth. We 00:05:57.680 --> 00:06:04.319 can then use really clever math to determine the velocity of the particles. 00:06:01.840 --> 00:06:09.120 Note that this is not speed, but velocity because we're talking about how 00:06:06.800 --> 00:06:13.680 fast they're going and also their direction. Sounds simple, right? I mean, 00:06:11.680 --> 00:06:17.939 not really. But for starters, the particles we're tracking are not air, 00:06:15.919 --> 00:06:22.319 which means that they won't move exactly [music] like air. Second, to do this 00:06:20.240 --> 00:06:27.039 right, we need the velocity of many particles. That [music] means thousands 00:06:24.160 --> 00:06:32.400 of samples across thousands of images. And third, we need some pretty special 00:06:29.440 --> 00:06:37.199 cameras. The Levision Flowmaster is a super high precision machine that uses a 00:06:34.720 --> 00:06:45.639 double frame buffer to take photos just nanoseconds apart. All right, it's 00:06:39.759 --> 00:06:45.639 finally time to test. Hit it. 00:06:50.240 --> 00:06:54.479 >> So, this is [music] our first test result. That means there's no 00:06:53.280 --> 00:07:00.960 obstruction on this fan. It's >> no obstruction, pure control. So, we've just we're doing the analysis now on one 00:06:58.000 --> 00:07:05.360 image pair as a test for the processing stream. And we go, okay, that's uh not 00:07:03.120 --> 00:07:09.520 very clean. Once we take an average of the 200 or 158 images we just took, this 00:07:08.240 --> 00:07:13.120 will fill out, >> okay, >> to look like a fairly nice picture. 00:07:11.520 --> 00:07:16.080 >> Importantly, that this is kind of the hub. Like we're really we're really only looking at the top half of the fan right 00:07:15.919 --> 00:07:21.440 now. >> We're looking at the top half of the fan. >> Would it be fair to expect that there would be I mean it's a circle, so 00:07:20.319 --> 00:07:26.080 there'd be symmetry on the bottom. >> I would expect radial symmetry in all 00:07:23.919 --> 00:07:29.199 things you want to try and measure in as much detail as possible. So if we were 00:07:27.759 --> 00:07:34.560 fully zoomed out and looking at the whole fan, we'd be wasting resolution 00:07:32.240 --> 00:07:39.759 effectively. So this is it applying the scaling um from pixel space to physical 00:07:37.120 --> 00:07:45.919 space from our calibration plate. Now it's starting to do the PIV and we can 00:07:42.319 --> 00:07:47.280 see for our 158 frames that's probably 00:07:45.919 --> 00:07:56.400 going to take about 20 minutes. >> What is this computer running on? >> Um this is a um i9 14900 [laughter] K 00:07:54.800 --> 00:08:00.960 with 192 gigs of RAM. 00:07:59.360 --> 00:08:05.120 >> So this just takes a long time is what you're telling me? >> Yes. After considerable number 00:08:03.199 --> 00:08:09.919 crunching, we've got our results. And what you're looking at is a narrow slice 00:08:07.440 --> 00:08:14.000 of air that is flowing out of the fan. The colors indicate the streamwise 00:08:11.680 --> 00:08:18.160 velocity of the air. So, how fast it's going away from our fan blades. And then 00:08:16.080 --> 00:08:21.599 the arrows are kind of just an easier way to visually process that same 00:08:20.080 --> 00:08:26.479 information. Then, to make it even simpler, we added these dots. Without a 00:08:24.080 --> 00:08:30.160 front panel, flow is smooth and fast moving. There's a small section where 00:08:28.479 --> 00:08:34.800 you can see there's no flow, but if you look closely, that's right behind the 00:08:32.000 --> 00:08:39.039 fan hub where there are no blades. Now, it is important to remember that this is 00:08:36.640 --> 00:08:44.080 just a thin slice of the overall air flow in what is a 3D space. Our test 00:08:41.599 --> 00:08:47.760 isn't going to capture the spiraling 3D vortex of [music] the air, but the 00:08:46.080 --> 00:08:51.279 overall direction away from the fan is what's most important for cooling. So, 00:08:49.680 --> 00:08:55.200 this is good enough for our purposes. Fun observation. By the way, Dr. Dr. 00:08:53.040 --> 00:08:59.360 Edman noted that the way that Noctua's fans throw momentum inward more than a 00:08:57.680 --> 00:09:03.200 typical fan contributes to reducing their overall noise. Good job, Noctua. 00:09:01.200 --> 00:09:08.480 When we move the plate closer, we don't see much change. That is until, just 00:09:06.160 --> 00:09:14.000 like in our tuft test, we get as close as about 15 mm. Take a look at how large 00:09:12.000 --> 00:09:18.560 our dead zone has become. Now, we also noticed that the flow of air is starting 00:09:16.080 --> 00:09:24.000 to curl outward rather than coming straight out of the fan. What that means 00:09:21.200 --> 00:09:28.000 is lower streamwise momentum to blow air across your components or to pass 00:09:26.320 --> 00:09:32.480 through a restrictive heat sink or radiator. But why? Well, it's due to the 00:09:30.240 --> 00:09:36.320 difference in radial pressure. The air that passes through the tip of the 00:09:33.786 --> 00:09:41.200 [music] fan blades is lower pressure and almost bounces off the stagnant and thus 00:09:39.360 --> 00:09:47.200 higher pressure air that's right by the fan hub. This isn't optimal, but our 00:09:44.800 --> 00:09:51.519 overall air flow is still pretty good. So, for a case fan, it's probably still 00:09:49.600 --> 00:09:55.519 fine to have this much restriction. We will check on this test condition again 00:09:53.200 --> 00:09:59.680 later once we add a radiator. For now, let's look at our worst case scenario in 00:09:57.360 --> 00:10:04.800 open air. Imagine your case is right up against a wall or your power supply 00:10:01.440 --> 00:10:07.279 intake is on the floor on a carpet. This 00:10:04.800 --> 00:10:13.279 is what you're doing to your poor poor PC. Not only is the fan barely pulling 00:10:10.800 --> 00:10:17.839 any air in at the edges, it is so starved for air that there's a reverse 00:10:15.519 --> 00:10:21.680 flow that causes the air to curl into a vortex that isn't going to move heat 00:10:19.760 --> 00:10:27.040 anywhere. And that's your best case scenario. What if we were trying to cool 00:10:24.000 --> 00:10:28.800 something directly with our starved fan? 00:10:27.040 --> 00:10:32.720 To find out, we whipped out a water cooling radiator to create a scenario 00:10:30.720 --> 00:10:37.200 with much higher back pressure. You can think of back pressure as the friction 00:10:34.880 --> 00:10:41.200 that a fluid experiences in movement. And as you can see, adding a ton of 00:10:39.440 --> 00:10:46.240 friction to an already restricted fan results in a two-word review of my debut 00:10:43.600 --> 00:10:51.040 rap album, zero flow. Now, naturally, backing this off to a 15 mm gap, yields 00:10:49.120 --> 00:10:54.800 much better results. But it's still worth noting that this is a massive drop 00:10:52.959 --> 00:10:58.560 in performance compared to our free air test, especially with respect to the 00:10:56.640 --> 00:11:03.360 size of our dead zone over the fan hub. Practically speaking, we're only getting 00:11:00.320 --> 00:11:05.040 flow on about the outer 50% of the fan 00:11:03.360 --> 00:11:08.880 blades. Interestingly though, the radiator completely straightens out the 00:11:06.959 --> 00:11:13.680 flow and we don't see that same outward curling, but the speed is cut about in 00:11:11.360 --> 00:11:18.240 half. So, what does all of this mean? Well, we can't draw overly broad 00:11:15.519 --> 00:11:24.399 conclusions. We only tested the NFA 1225 at full speed, but it seems like you can 00:11:20.959 --> 00:11:26.320 get as close as about 15 mm or a little 00:11:24.399 --> 00:11:31.120 over half an inch from your fan with reasonable performance. Any closer and 00:11:29.040 --> 00:11:35.200 you are seriously harming its cooling ability. An obvious question would be, 00:11:33.519 --> 00:11:38.880 why go to all this trouble? Couldn't you have just sent a piece of acrylic and a 00:11:37.120 --> 00:11:44.000 fan to Cybernetics to put in front of their fan tester? Well, yes, but also 00:11:41.360 --> 00:11:48.000 no. While a fan tester would tell us the performance of the fan under various 00:11:46.000 --> 00:11:52.880 conditions, we were more interested in measuring the behavior of the air, which 00:11:50.560 --> 00:11:57.279 tells us not only the answer, but it also lifts the veil on why the answer is 00:11:55.440 --> 00:12:01.279 what it is. It also gave us an excuse to check out another really cool piece of 00:11:58.880 --> 00:12:04.320 kit down in Virginia. If you thought air was complex, well, just wait till human 00:12:02.560 --> 00:12:07.680 perception gets involved. Yeah, we're going to talk about sound. Now, we have 00:12:06.240 --> 00:12:13.040 been hard at work improving our audio testing at LT [music] Labs. I mean, we even just built a home theater room to 00:12:10.800 --> 00:12:18.160 test more speakers now. But what we don't have is a NASA grade audio 00:12:15.600 --> 00:12:21.680 chamber. This is the [music] shack, and it's a little old place where we can do 00:12:19.680 --> 00:12:29.279 some testing. The small hover anooic chamber was constructed in the late 80s 00:12:23.600 --> 00:12:31.519 and it gets as quiet as 18 dB, which is 00:12:29.279 --> 00:12:34.959 disconcertingly quiet. For our testing today, we're using two different arrays. 00:12:32.880 --> 00:12:37.600 A linear one up there and a spiral one. Why are they different shapes? Well, 00:12:36.000 --> 00:12:42.399 they have two different jobs. The linear array is a directivity array [music] that gives us a broad idea of where 00:12:40.079 --> 00:12:46.399 sound ends up in the chamber. The spiral array, also called a phase array, is a 00:12:44.480 --> 00:12:49.760 collection of 40 beam forming MEMS microphones. It allows us to get super 00:12:47.668 --> 00:12:54.079 [music] detailed information about the source of a sound. These microphones are 00:12:51.920 --> 00:12:58.079 so precise that we can map the location of the sound onto footage from the 00:12:56.639 --> 00:13:02.720 camera that sits in the middle of the array. >> Essentially, you can define a region in 00:13:00.560 --> 00:13:05.600 here and it will perform uh an integration. So, right, it's a little 00:13:04.079 --> 00:13:09.760 hard to see, but right now it's just region 1, 2, and three. And then you can 00:13:08.079 --> 00:13:13.120 basically go ahead and have it process it and give you a spectrum like this 00:13:11.519 --> 00:13:16.639 with the different contributions of those regions to the total sound field 00:13:15.040 --> 00:13:20.399 or at least what it what their array picked up. >> Why would folks at NASA need to know 00:13:19.040 --> 00:13:24.240 this kind of stuff? Well, when they're testing the acoustic properties of something, they want to know where that 00:13:23.040 --> 00:13:29.360 sound's going to be coming from. Like this, for example, they might want to understand if the sound is coming from 00:13:27.200 --> 00:13:32.720 the tips of the blades or [music] if it's coming from the rotor itself. 00:13:31.279 --> 00:13:36.240 There's only one way to find that out, and that's to use the phase array. I 00:13:35.360 --> 00:13:39.519 mean, there's probably another way to find out, but the way we're going to do is the phase array. So, stop asking 00:13:38.800 --> 00:13:44.639 questions. >> Well, you can ask one more question. If you noticed our fan is looking a little 00:13:42.880 --> 00:13:48.240 pink. >> Why would folks at 00:13:46.480 --> 00:13:53.360 >> That's because this apparatus was designed to test rotors for things like 00:13:50.240 --> 00:13:55.920 drones. So, our NFA2X25 that we were 00:13:53.360 --> 00:13:59.600 using before, it was a bit too quiet and we swapped it out for this industrial 00:13:57.760 --> 00:14:02.800 version that runs considerably faster and considerably [music] louder. The 00:14:00.959 --> 00:14:06.320 paint that's on it is this funky pressure sensitive paint that we were 00:14:04.320 --> 00:14:09.360 going to use for another test, but we ran out of time because NASA has a lot 00:14:08.079 --> 00:14:12.880 of important work to do. [music] Anyway, I bring up the paint because it might 00:14:11.120 --> 00:14:16.079 make the fan perform a bit worse than what Noctua would ship from the factory. 00:14:14.720 --> 00:14:19.760 But we aren't comparing it to other fans. We're only comparing the intake 00:14:18.320 --> 00:14:24.609 clearance, so we're not worried about that. Again, because of time constraints, we decided to just test the 00:14:22.800 --> 00:14:28.399 fan without the front plate and at [music] the 15 mm point. Now, 00:14:26.480 --> 00:14:33.279 intuitively, you might think that covering a fan would decrease the amount 00:14:30.720 --> 00:14:36.240 of noise that it makes, right? But if you've ever tried placing your hand in 00:14:34.720 --> 00:14:40.000 front of your PC fan, you might have noticed that it often gets louder up 00:14:38.639 --> 00:14:42.800 until the point where it becomes completely starved of air. And in 00:14:41.640 --> 00:14:47.040 [music] our test conditions, that's true. You can see a broadspectctrum 00:14:45.199 --> 00:14:51.920 increase in noise when the front panel's present. Why? Well, referring back to 00:14:49.519 --> 00:14:56.320 our PIV results, remember the stalled flow in the middle? that causes the 00:14:54.000 --> 00:15:01.839 overall air flow to be more unsteady, which makes it louder. Think of it like 00:14:58.959 --> 00:15:05.839 roaring rapids versus the smooth flowing water in the Mississippi Delta. And this 00:15:04.000 --> 00:15:10.560 increase in noise also shows up in our phase array results. Yet another reason 00:15:08.560 --> 00:15:14.079 to not let your fans get too close to obstructions. Even if you have cutouts 00:15:12.480 --> 00:15:18.320 in the side panels, those can still cause annoying resonances. Fractal Terra 00:15:16.399 --> 00:15:23.120 owners will know this very well. In summary, then for performance, keep your 00:15:20.320 --> 00:15:27.199 fans more than 15 mm away from any surfaces and [music] 20 mm or more if 00:15:25.839 --> 00:15:31.360 you're going to be contending with other obstructions like a heat sink or a 00:15:29.040 --> 00:15:35.600 radiator. As for noise, it seems like you can't have too much clearance from 00:15:33.199 --> 00:15:38.800 the intake, but you can definitely have too little. There are hundred other 00:15:37.279 --> 00:15:43.279 questions we would have loved to answer, but frankly, NASA was already extremely 00:15:41.760 --> 00:15:46.639 generous with their time, and they are hard at work answering much larger 00:15:45.199 --> 00:15:50.240 questions. This may not have been the beall and endall answer that you were 00:15:48.639 --> 00:15:54.399 looking for, but that's just how science is. It's the accumulation of many tiny 00:15:52.320 --> 00:15:58.480 discoveries, solving many tiny mysteries that build up to create a knowledge base 00:15:56.560 --> 00:16:01.600 that allows us to have a greater depth of understanding of the world that we 00:16:00.240 --> 00:16:05.600 live in. Before we go, I want to thank all the folks at NASA to help who helped 00:16:03.440 --> 00:16:09.680 make this possible at Lewis, Britney, Nick, Jordan, so many more folks that I 00:16:07.680 --> 00:16:14.160 haven't named uh helped make this trip possible. Thank you so much. Thank you 00:16:11.440 --> 00:16:18.560 for watching. And of course, thanks for this segue to our sponsor 00:16:15.920 --> 00:16:23.600 >> UG Green. Their new AI NAS has a maximum capacity of up to 196 terabytes. 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UG NAS also has built-in 00:16:59.199 --> 00:17:04.959 security manager which supports real-time virus scanning and flexible 00:17:02.880 --> 00:17:08.880 permission management with support for multiple RAID configurations. Check out 00:17:07.600 --> 00:17:14.160 our links in the video description to get the early bird pricing. Reserve with 00:17:10.640 --> 00:17:15.280 $30 and save up to $1,040. 00:17:14.160 --> 00:17:19.919 Thanks for watching. If you like this video, why don't you watch another one of our videos where we tour some cool 00:17:17.919 --> 00:17:24.400 place like uh how about um uh there's an internet exchange in Toronto. That was 00:17:22.079 --> 00:17:28.240 pretty dang neat. Thanks again to NASA. Thanks for watching. Bye.