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All of these cases have a big problem. Can you tell what it is? If you said the

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intake fans are starving for air flow, give yourself a gold star. This was a

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widespread problem in case design for years. But new airflow edition cases

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have flooded the market, completely solving it. Or have they? See, there's

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nothing that Lee and Lee or Fractal can do about users shoving their cases right

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up against the wall or on top of a shag carpet. You could be totally killing

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your gains, bro. >> Killing your gains. >> Killing your games.

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>> But by how much? How much space does a

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fan need before it gets starved for fresh air? To find out, we sent Adam all

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the way to NASA's Langley Research Center in Virginia. Oh.

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to work with some of the top scientists in America [music] to figure out just

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how close is too close for good PC

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cooling. And how close is too close for me to

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segue to our sponsor, UG Green, their

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IDX series of AI NAS devices are making it easier to organize your videos,

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images, and documents. Learn more at the end of this video or click our link in

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the video description.

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I know how I would try to answer our question, but where would NASA start

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with a problem like this? >> Great question. We're at the hypersonic

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test complex at the NASA Langley Research Center, and we're going to do

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some super scientific stuff, and that means we're using this tape and this

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string. I'm not even joking. This is called tufting and it is decidedly low

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tech but it remains one of the most important forms of aerodynamic testing

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that can be done and it's basically where NASA starts every single time. You

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see air is difficult to study because it looks like this.

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[screaming] >> So we rely on the way it affects other

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things to understand its behavior. >> Wow. I wasn't that far off. What you're

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looking at is a Noctua NFA12X25

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with some acrylic acting as our airflow restrictor or our panel. With tufts or

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little pieces of string on the back side of the fan, we can see how adjusting the

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distance of our panel from 3 1/2 cm down to just.5 cm affects our air flow. We'll

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put the specifics up on the screen and you can pause and read them.

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>> Actually, we changed our minds. There's an article on the lab website. It's in

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the description.

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So, what did we find out? Well, a few things. As you'd expect, at an ample

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distance from our panel, our fan performs admirably, sucking air in on

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one side and blowing it out the other. What I didn't expect, though, was that

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the toughs near the center only started to get a little floppy when the front

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panel got really close, just 1 and 1/2 to 2 cm from the face of the fan.

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Another thing I didn't expect [music] was that getting even closer caused the

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fan to not only blow ineffectively, [music] but even start sucking the tufts

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back into the blades, indicating reversed air flow. But it's a little

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hard to see like this. Oh yeah, I forgot. These are strings. They glow in

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the dark. We took this big ass NASA grade ultraviolet lamp to get maximum

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glow from our tufts while we recorded on this beast, the Kronos 4K12 high-speed

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camera. We're prepping our 1,00fps 4K

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camera. That's about 11 GBs per second

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of data, which means that recording on this for a minute is going to be bigger

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than your Call of Duty install. And in slow motion, we can get a much closer

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look. Note the increased tough movement in our close-up test condition,

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indicating more turbulent flow. And you can even see some of the toughs dragging

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into the middle of the fan where there's areas of low pressure. Pretty cool, huh?

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>> Super cool, Adam. But we have Kronos camera at home. Why did we need NASA for

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this? We didn't. But for what we're going to do next, we sure did. And

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besides, if NASA invites you out, are you really going to say no? They were

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even nice enough to give us a whole tour that included an incredible new maker

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space that they use for rapid prototyping. Our supporters on Floatplane get exclusive access to that

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and a ton of other content. So, if you want to check that out, head over to LMG.gg/flatlane.

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For now, I'll just give you a TLDDR. The Langley Research Center is kind of the

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OG NASA facility. In fact, it predates NASA itself. Founded in 1917 as part of

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the NACA, which is the aeronautics organization that would eventually

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become NASA, the Langley Research Facility was key to numerous discoveries

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and improvements to early flying machines, creating the first hypersonic

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jets and paving the way for space travel and would go on to play a key role in

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the Apollo missions. Currently, one of the focuses of the research center is

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assisting the Artemis campaign to get to the moon as a means to get to Mars.

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Pretty cool. a little bit out of the scope that we're going to be working on today. So, we're going to steal a couple

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of the 3,500 employees that come here every day to do some uh more down to

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earth testing. We're inside of the hypersonic test complex at the NASA

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Langley Research Center to answer that. Wait a second. This is the same lab.

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>> Yep, same lab. >> I thought we were supposed to go somewhere that was like more high-tech.

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>> Oh, it's more high-tech over there.

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>> Oh, right. And this is uh Dr. Lewis Edelman. He's a researcher here at NASA

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and he's helped design all of these experiments that we're going to be running today.

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>> Hello. So, what the heck are we doing? >> So, we've moved on from tuing to

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particle image symmetry or PIV. >> Oh, flashing lights and fancy cameras.

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Sounds like my kind of deal.

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First, we shine a bright light focused into a thin vertical sheet. Then, we

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fill the air with, you guessed it, particles and start rapidly taking

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pictures. [music] Now that might sound like video, but it's different in one

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important way. Instead of taking images at a constant frame rate, we instead

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take two samples just microsconds apart

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followed by a short gap, then another two samples, and so on and so forth. We

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can then use really clever math to determine the velocity of the particles.

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Note that this is not speed, but velocity because we're talking about how

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fast they're going and also their direction. Sounds simple, right? I mean,

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not really. But for starters, the particles we're tracking are not air,

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which means that they won't move exactly [music] like air. Second, to do this

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right, we need the velocity of many particles. That [music] means thousands

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of samples across thousands of images. And third, we need some pretty special

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cameras. The Levision Flowmaster is a super high precision machine that uses a

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double frame buffer to take photos just nanoseconds apart. All right, it's

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finally time to test. Hit it.

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>> So, this is [music] our first test result. That means there's no

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obstruction on this fan. It's >> no obstruction, pure control. So, we've just we're doing the analysis now on one

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image pair as a test for the processing stream. And we go, okay, that's uh not

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very clean. Once we take an average of the 200 or 158 images we just took, this

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will fill out, >> okay, >> to look like a fairly nice picture.

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>> Importantly, that this is kind of the hub. Like we're really we're really only looking at the top half of the fan right

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now. >> We're looking at the top half of the fan. >> Would it be fair to expect that there would be I mean it's a circle, so

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there'd be symmetry on the bottom. >> I would expect radial symmetry in all

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things you want to try and measure in as much detail as possible. So if we were

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fully zoomed out and looking at the whole fan, we'd be wasting resolution

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effectively. So this is it applying the scaling um from pixel space to physical

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space from our calibration plate. Now it's starting to do the PIV and we can

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see for our 158 frames that's probably

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going to take about 20 minutes. >> What is this computer running on? >> Um this is a um i9 14900 [laughter] K

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with 192 gigs of RAM.

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>> So this just takes a long time is what you're telling me? >> Yes. After considerable number

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crunching, we've got our results. And what you're looking at is a narrow slice

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of air that is flowing out of the fan. The colors indicate the streamwise

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velocity of the air. So, how fast it's going away from our fan blades. And then

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the arrows are kind of just an easier way to visually process that same

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information. Then, to make it even simpler, we added these dots. Without a

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front panel, flow is smooth and fast moving. There's a small section where

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you can see there's no flow, but if you look closely, that's right behind the

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fan hub where there are no blades. Now, it is important to remember that this is

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just a thin slice of the overall air flow in what is a 3D space. Our test

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isn't going to capture the spiraling 3D vortex of [music] the air, but the

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overall direction away from the fan is what's most important for cooling. So,

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this is good enough for our purposes. Fun observation. By the way, Dr. Dr.

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Edman noted that the way that Noctua's fans throw momentum inward more than a

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typical fan contributes to reducing their overall noise. Good job, Noctua.

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When we move the plate closer, we don't see much change. That is until, just

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like in our tuft test, we get as close as about 15 mm. Take a look at how large

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our dead zone has become. Now, we also noticed that the flow of air is starting

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to curl outward rather than coming straight out of the fan. What that means

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is lower streamwise momentum to blow air across your components or to pass

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through a restrictive heat sink or radiator. But why? Well, it's due to the

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difference in radial pressure. The air that passes through the tip of the

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[music] fan blades is lower pressure and almost bounces off the stagnant and thus

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higher pressure air that's right by the fan hub. This isn't optimal, but our

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overall air flow is still pretty good. So, for a case fan, it's probably still

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fine to have this much restriction. We will check on this test condition again

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later once we add a radiator. For now, let's look at our worst case scenario in

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open air. Imagine your case is right up against a wall or your power supply

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intake is on the floor on a carpet. This

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is what you're doing to your poor poor PC. Not only is the fan barely pulling

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any air in at the edges, it is so starved for air that there's a reverse

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flow that causes the air to curl into a vortex that isn't going to move heat

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anywhere. And that's your best case scenario. What if we were trying to cool

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something directly with our starved fan?

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To find out, we whipped out a water cooling radiator to create a scenario

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with much higher back pressure. You can think of back pressure as the friction

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that a fluid experiences in movement. And as you can see, adding a ton of

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friction to an already restricted fan results in a two-word review of my debut

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rap album, zero flow. Now, naturally, backing this off to a 15 mm gap, yields

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much better results. But it's still worth noting that this is a massive drop

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in performance compared to our free air test, especially with respect to the

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size of our dead zone over the fan hub. Practically speaking, we're only getting

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flow on about the outer 50% of the fan

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blades. Interestingly though, the radiator completely straightens out the

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flow and we don't see that same outward curling, but the speed is cut about in

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half. So, what does all of this mean? Well, we can't draw overly broad

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conclusions. We only tested the NFA 1225 at full speed, but it seems like you can

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get as close as about 15 mm or a little

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over half an inch from your fan with reasonable performance. Any closer and

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you are seriously harming its cooling ability. An obvious question would be,

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why go to all this trouble? Couldn't you have just sent a piece of acrylic and a

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fan to Cybernetics to put in front of their fan tester? Well, yes, but also

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no. While a fan tester would tell us the performance of the fan under various

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conditions, we were more interested in measuring the behavior of the air, which

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tells us not only the answer, but it also lifts the veil on why the answer is

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what it is. It also gave us an excuse to check out another really cool piece of

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kit down in Virginia. If you thought air was complex, well, just wait till human

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perception gets involved. Yeah, we're going to talk about sound. Now, we have

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been hard at work improving our audio testing at LT [music] Labs. I mean, we even just built a home theater room to

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test more speakers now. But what we don't have is a NASA grade audio

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chamber. This is the [music] shack, and it's a little old place where we can do

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some testing. The small hover anooic chamber was constructed in the late 80s

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and it gets as quiet as 18 dB, which is

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disconcertingly quiet. For our testing today, we're using two different arrays.

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A linear one up there and a spiral one. Why are they different shapes? Well,

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they have two different jobs. The linear array is a directivity array [music] that gives us a broad idea of where

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sound ends up in the chamber. The spiral array, also called a phase array, is a

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collection of 40 beam forming MEMS microphones. It allows us to get super

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[music] detailed information about the source of a sound. These microphones are

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so precise that we can map the location of the sound onto footage from the

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camera that sits in the middle of the array. >> Essentially, you can define a region in

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here and it will perform uh an integration. So, right, it's a little

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hard to see, but right now it's just region 1, 2, and three. And then you can

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basically go ahead and have it process it and give you a spectrum like this

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with the different contributions of those regions to the total sound field

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or at least what it what their array picked up. >> Why would folks at NASA need to know

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this kind of stuff? Well, when they're testing the acoustic properties of something, they want to know where that

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sound's going to be coming from. Like this, for example, they might want to understand if the sound is coming from

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the tips of the blades or [music] if it's coming from the rotor itself.

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There's only one way to find that out, and that's to use the phase array. I

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mean, there's probably another way to find out, but the way we're going to do is the phase array. So, stop asking

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questions. >> Well, you can ask one more question. If you noticed our fan is looking a little

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pink. >> Why would folks at

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>> That's because this apparatus was designed to test rotors for things like

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drones. So, our NFA2X25 that we were

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using before, it was a bit too quiet and we swapped it out for this industrial

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version that runs considerably faster and considerably [music] louder. The

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paint that's on it is this funky pressure sensitive paint that we were

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going to use for another test, but we ran out of time because NASA has a lot

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of important work to do. [music] Anyway, I bring up the paint because it might

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make the fan perform a bit worse than what Noctua would ship from the factory.

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But we aren't comparing it to other fans. We're only comparing the intake

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clearance, so we're not worried about that. Again, because of time constraints, we decided to just test the

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fan without the front plate and at [music] the 15 mm point. Now,

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intuitively, you might think that covering a fan would decrease the amount

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of noise that it makes, right? But if you've ever tried placing your hand in

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front of your PC fan, you might have noticed that it often gets louder up

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until the point where it becomes completely starved of air. And in

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[music] our test conditions, that's true. You can see a broadspectctrum

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increase in noise when the front panel's present. Why? Well, referring back to

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our PIV results, remember the stalled flow in the middle? that causes the

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overall air flow to be more unsteady, which makes it louder. Think of it like

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roaring rapids versus the smooth flowing water in the Mississippi Delta. And this

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increase in noise also shows up in our phase array results. Yet another reason

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to not let your fans get too close to obstructions. Even if you have cutouts

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in the side panels, those can still cause annoying resonances. Fractal Terra

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owners will know this very well. In summary, then for performance, keep your

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fans more than 15 mm away from any surfaces and [music] 20 mm or more if

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you're going to be contending with other obstructions like a heat sink or a

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radiator. As for noise, it seems like you can't have too much clearance from

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the intake, but you can definitely have too little. There are hundred other

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questions we would have loved to answer, but frankly, NASA was already extremely

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generous with their time, and they are hard at work answering much larger

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questions. This may not have been the beall and endall answer that you were

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looking for, but that's just how science is. It's the accumulation of many tiny

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discoveries, solving many tiny mysteries that build up to create a knowledge base

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that allows us to have a greater depth of understanding of the world that we

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live in. Before we go, I want to thank all the folks at NASA to help who helped

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make this possible at Lewis, Britney, Nick, Jordan, so many more folks that I

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haven't named uh helped make this trip possible. Thank you so much. Thank you

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for watching. And of course, thanks for this segue to our sponsor

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Thanks for watching. If you like this video, why don't you watch another one of our videos where we tour some cool

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place like uh how about um uh there's an internet exchange in Toronto. That was

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pretty dang neat. Thanks again to NASA. Thanks for watching. Bye.