{"video_id":"bL3swp8-2oY","title":"CPU Angstroms vs. Nanometers","channel":"Techquickie","show":"Techquickie","published_at":"2022-05-05T14:58:16Z","duration_s":306,"segments":[{"start_s":0.16,"end_s":7.279,"text":"we've gone from playing text-based zork on a machine that weighs as much as a","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":4.24,"end_s":9.44,"text":"child to having 4k video cameras in our","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":7.279,"end_s":13.44,"text":"pockets in the space of only about 40 years and a huge reason behind that is","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":12.16,"end_s":18.08,"text":"that we've been able to fit more and more transistors into our processors","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":15.839,"end_s":22.64,"text":"over the years transistors are the tiny building blocks of electronics that form","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":19.76,"end_s":26.56,"text":"logic gates enable your gadgets to think these days we've gotten accustomed to","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":24.48,"end_s":31.519,"text":"transistors that are somewhere between 5 and 20 nanometers wide that's","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":28.88,"end_s":35.28,"text":"5 to 20 billionths of a meter to power our electronic toys","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":33.04,"end_s":39.76,"text":"to put that into perspective cpus with 600 nanometer transistors came on the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":37.92,"end_s":42.879,"text":"scene in 1994 meaning they've shrunk by over a hundred","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":41.36,"end_s":46.32,"text":"times since then which has enabled us to build processors that are far more","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":44.559,"end_s":50.399,"text":"powerful but now we're getting to the point where transistors are so small","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":48.32,"end_s":55.68,"text":"that we may have to start measuring them in terms of angstroms rather than","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":52.879,"end_s":60.079,"text":"nanometers and although this might sound like just another marketing move there","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":57.84,"end_s":64.96,"text":"are a couple of reasons behind it as the transistors get this small","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":62.96,"end_s":68.96,"text":"it becomes impossible to express their sizes in integers anymore if you stick","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":67.36,"end_s":72.799,"text":"with the traditional nanometer system it just doesn't go that low each time we","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":71.04,"end_s":78.159,"text":"shrink down to a new size of transistor or process node the amount the size","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":75.36,"end_s":82.24,"text":"decreases also sounds less impressive in other words going from 22 nanometers to","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":80.24,"end_s":87.68,"text":"10 is just as important as we're moving from 600 to 250. so as we get down below","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":85.52,"end_s":92.0,"text":"two nanometers generational improvements might not sound like a big deal if we","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":89.68,"end_s":96.72,"text":"express them as having transistors that are only a fraction of a nanometer","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":94.0,"end_s":101.119,"text":"smaller but in reality it's a big increase of the number of transistors","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":98.479,"end_s":104.32,"text":"actually on the chip Intel already has plans to switch to the angstrom system","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":102.96,"end_s":108.24,"text":"and they're on record saying that they want to start producing 20a chips in","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":106.72,"end_s":112.159,"text":"2024 that's the same as two nanometers team","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":110.32,"end_s":117.68,"text":"blue is planning for 18 angstroms to follow the next year and to put that","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":114.0,"end_s":119.92,"text":"into context a single silicon atom is","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":117.68,"end_s":123.92,"text":"about two angstroms in diameter so chip manufacturers are quickly starting to","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":121.6,"end_s":127.759,"text":"run up against the limits of silicon as a base material Intel plans to pull this","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":126.159,"end_s":132.0,"text":"off by redesigning transistors to be more space efficient such as with their","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":130.0,"end_s":136.16,"text":"gate all-around approach which you can learn more about in this video the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":134.239,"end_s":140.72,"text":"general objective behind gate all around is to give the chip greater control over","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":138.239,"end_s":144.8,"text":"current flow which can be a problem with such small transistors as well as","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":142.64,"end_s":149.12,"text":"enabling transistors to be stacked atop each other more easily allowing for the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":146.959,"end_s":154.48,"text":"chip maker to cram even more transistors into a CPU another key to the process is","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":151.36,"end_s":156.879,"text":"extreme ultraviolet lithography or euv","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":154.48,"end_s":161.2,"text":"which uses shortwave uv light to etch smaller and smaller transistors into the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":158.8,"end_s":165.2,"text":"silicon Intel has been slow to adopt euv compared to samsung and tsmc and the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":163.519,"end_s":170.56,"text":"fact that there are only a handful of euv machines in the world and just one","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":168.08,"end_s":173.76,"text":"company makes them hasn't helped but Intel is expected to be the first","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":172.08,"end_s":178.48,"text":"company to get their hands on a high na euv machine which provides the type of","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":175.92,"end_s":182.08,"text":"uv light that's needed to etch such tiny transistors","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":179.76,"end_s":185.68,"text":"of course Intel doesn't have the best track record when it comes to getting","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":183.44,"end_s":188.959,"text":"new chip designs off the ground but they're hoping this new manufacturing","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":187.12,"end_s":192.72,"text":"process will help them avoid delays such as their well publicized difficulties","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":190.8,"end_s":196.239,"text":"with their 10 nanometer chips all of this being said","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":194.64,"end_s":199.12,"text":"one thing to keep in mind is that the exact numbers being slapped onto cpus","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":198.4,"end_s":203.44,"text":"like 10 nanometer and 20 angstrom","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":202.08,"end_s":209.599,"text":"aren't exact there actually isn't an industry standard method of measuring transistor","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":206.72,"end_s":213.2,"text":"sizes meaning that AMD's 10 nanometer and Intel's 10 nanometer","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":211.36,"end_s":216.64,"text":"aren't exactly the same Intel for their part is subtly","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":214.72,"end_s":223.519,"text":"acknowledging this by simply naming upcoming nodes until 7 Intel 5 Intel 3","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":221.44,"end_s":226.959,"text":"and Intel 20a without actually including nanometer or","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":225.36,"end_s":231.68,"text":"angstrom or anything like that in the official designation but regardless of","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":229.519,"end_s":234.4,"text":"exactly how small their newer processes will be","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":232.64,"end_s":238.159,"text":"Intel is hoping that its new chip designs will not only make them more","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":235.84,"end_s":242.799,"text":"competitive with AMD but also with samsung and tsmc team blue is hoping","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":240.799,"end_s":246.48,"text":"that by using newer euv tech to make more power efficient chips they'll be","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":244.56,"end_s":253.04,"text":"chosen as a contract manufacturer of smartphone cpus a key area that Intel","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":249.519,"end_s":254.879,"text":"hasn't tried to compete in in many years","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":253.04,"end_s":258.799,"text":"rip adam mobile i just hope it doesn't lead some kind of","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":256.639,"end_s":262.639,"text":"fanboy war where one day mobile gamers scream at each other and youtube","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":260.16,"end_s":267.36,"text":"comments over Intel versus samsung chips thanks to MSI for sponsoring this video","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":264.4,"end_s":272.0,"text":"check out MSI's spatium m480 pci express NVMe SSD that's a lot of letters but uh","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":270.479,"end_s":275.759,"text":"it can push a lot of them has sequential read speeds of up to seven gigabytes per","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":273.84,"end_s":278.479,"text":"second and write speeds up to 6.8 gigabytes per second it features","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":277.12,"end_s":283.12,"text":"built-in data security and error correction capabilities and comes in","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":280.32,"end_s":287.199,"text":"sizes from 500 gigabytes to 2 terabytes in an m.2 2280 form factor it's suitable","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":285.68,"end_s":291.199,"text":"for both desktops and notebooks and comes with a five year warranty learn","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":288.96,"end_s":294.96,"text":"more today at the link below thanks for watching guys like dislike check out our","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":293.199,"end_s":298.16,"text":"other videos like maybe stacking chips maybe","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":296.96,"end_s":302.96,"text":"what was that other Intel one we did larry anyway don't forget to subscribe","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":300.72,"end_s":307.12,"text":"and follow and maybe comment some video suggestions of your own below","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0}],"full_text":"we've gone from playing text-based zork on a machine that weighs as much as a child to having 4k video cameras in our pockets in the space of only about 40 years and a huge reason behind that is that we've been able to fit more and more transistors into our processors over the years transistors are the tiny building blocks of electronics that form logic gates enable your gadgets to think these days we've gotten accustomed to transistors that are somewhere between 5 and 20 nanometers wide that's 5 to 20 billionths of a meter to power our electronic toys to put that into perspective cpus with 600 nanometer transistors came on the scene in 1994 meaning they've shrunk by over a hundred times since then which has enabled us to build processors that are far more powerful but now we're getting to the point where transistors are so small that we may have to start measuring them in terms of angstroms rather than nanometers and although this might sound like just another marketing move there are a couple of reasons behind it as the transistors get this small it becomes impossible to express their sizes in integers anymore if you stick with the traditional nanometer system it just doesn't go that low each time we shrink down to a new size of transistor or process node the amount the size decreases also sounds less impressive in other words going from 22 nanometers to 10 is just as important as we're moving from 600 to 250. so as we get down below two nanometers generational improvements might not sound like a big deal if we express them as having transistors that are only a fraction of a nanometer smaller but in reality it's a big increase of the number of transistors actually on the chip Intel already has plans to switch to the angstrom system and they're on record saying that they want to start producing 20a chips in 2024 that's the same as two nanometers team blue is planning for 18 angstroms to follow the next year and to put that into context a single silicon atom is about two angstroms in diameter so chip manufacturers are quickly starting to run up against the limits of silicon as a base material Intel plans to pull this off by redesigning transistors to be more space efficient such as with their gate all-around approach which you can learn more about in this video the general objective behind gate all around is to give the chip greater control over current flow which can be a problem with such small transistors as well as enabling transistors to be stacked atop each other more easily allowing for the chip maker to cram even more transistors into a CPU another key to the process is extreme ultraviolet lithography or euv which uses shortwave uv light to etch smaller and smaller transistors into the silicon Intel has been slow to adopt euv compared to samsung and tsmc and the fact that there are only a handful of euv machines in the world and just one company makes them hasn't helped but Intel is expected to be the first company to get their hands on a high na euv machine which provides the type of uv light that's needed to etch such tiny transistors of course Intel doesn't have the best track record when it comes to getting new chip designs off the ground but they're hoping this new manufacturing process will help them avoid delays such as their well publicized difficulties with their 10 nanometer chips all of this being said one thing to keep in mind is that the exact numbers being slapped onto cpus like 10 nanometer and 20 angstrom aren't exact there actually isn't an industry standard method of measuring transistor sizes meaning that AMD's 10 nanometer and Intel's 10 nanometer aren't exactly the same Intel for their part is subtly acknowledging this by simply naming upcoming nodes until 7 Intel 5 Intel 3 and Intel 20a without actually including nanometer or angstrom or anything like that in the official designation but regardless of exactly how small their newer processes will be Intel is hoping that its new chip designs will not only make them more competitive with AMD but also with samsung and tsmc team blue is hoping that by using newer euv tech to make more power efficient chips they'll be chosen as a contract manufacturer of smartphone cpus a key area that Intel hasn't tried to compete in in many years rip adam mobile i just hope it doesn't lead some kind of fanboy war where one day mobile gamers scream at each other and youtube comments over Intel versus samsung chips thanks to MSI for sponsoring this video check out MSI's spatium m480 pci express NVMe SSD that's a lot of letters but uh it can push a lot of them has sequential read speeds of up to seven gigabytes per second and write speeds up to 6.8 gigabytes per second it features built-in data security and error correction capabilities and comes in sizes from 500 gigabytes to 2 terabytes in an m.2 2280 form factor it's suitable for both desktops and notebooks and comes with a five year warranty learn more today at the link below thanks for watching guys like dislike check out our other videos like maybe stacking chips maybe what was that other Intel one we did larry anyway don't forget to subscribe and follow and maybe comment some video suggestions of your own below"}