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just yank it ah come on you bastard

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oh wow now it's really mad whole thing's still running

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meet z16 the latest member of ibm's

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mainframe family that's right not only do mainframes still exist

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powering high frequency transactional industries like global banking and

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travel but as of today you can get a brand spanking new mainframe configured

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with up to 256 cores built on the latest seven

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nanometer node from samsung and with up to 40 terabytes of memory

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very few outsiders have ever been invited to ibm's 100 000 square foot z

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test lab so we're gonna pack as much as

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we can into the very short time that we get to spend on site today just like i

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the core pillar z is right in the name it's short for zero like

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zero downtime and their target is seven

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ninths of reliability or about three

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seconds of down time a year on average and to achieve that takes an

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architecture that's built from the ground up for resiliency

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now out of the hundreds of z systems that they're beating the heck out of

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here in the lab there's just one next-gen z16 that they got all gussied

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up for us with the fancy covers and everything only for us to immediately

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ignore them and start digging around in its guts

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starting at the bottom i initially assumed that these heavy black chunguses

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here were cooling lines but as it turns out z16 does not support being plumbed

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into a building-wide cooling system instead they opted for a self-contained

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system where every rack that has a compute drawer gets this pump and

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radiator unit down here at the bottom if you look closely you can actually see

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the two redundant cooling pumps that's in case one fails there's actually also

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an empty spot where it looks like one of the pumps is missing that's because in

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the validation phase they weren't sure if these pumps were going to meet their

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reliability standards so the plan was to just tuck three of them in there just in

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case these are actually power lines then routed through the three foot crawl

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space that's all underneath us covering the entire test facility and each of

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these two is capable of carrying 60 amps

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of 208 volt three-phase power on this particular config

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power that needs to be distributed that's where these come in each of these

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power distribution units or pdus down the side here are meant to be fed from a

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separate breaker in the event of a power loss and basically you can think of

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these as the enterprise grade equivalent of a power strip

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so using the onboard Ethernet port a technician can monitor power usage turn

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off particular plugs for maintenance or even update the firmware does your power

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strip have upgradable firmware no

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gross next up things get really spicy each z16

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system can be configured with up to four of these compute drawers and each

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compute drawer contains up to four of their new telum chips and these things

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are really cool let's go take a closer look

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what a monster telum is a chiplet design and you can

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actually see the two separate dies here

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it's got support for ddr4 and a total of 16 cores and 64 lanes of pci express per

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socket which is neat but that tells only a fraction of the

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story while a consumer x86 CPU might contain dedicated hardware for

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let's say decoding popular video codecs

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telum brings some very different specializations to the table

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each one of these cores so there's eight per die has a coprocessor to accelerate

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storage crypto and ibm's own compression

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algorithm then each die gets its own

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gzip compression accelerator and this is one of their biggest announcements an ai

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accelerator the reason for bringing that on die was that customers like financial

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institutions have these complex machine

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learning models that they built for for example fraud detection

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but data scientists care about accuracy

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not necessarily the downstream performance impact so what they found

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out was that they had these great models but they didn't have the performance to

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actually apply them to every transaction or well rather they could apply them to

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every transaction if they had all the time in the world but they don't

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so if your bank has an sla or a performance guarantee of nine

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milliseconds on a transaction and there's not enough time to apply their

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fraud detection model they either have to just let it go fraudulent or not or

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decline it risking the customer just pulling out the next card in their

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wallet effectively giving that business to their competitor by putting the ai

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processor on die they're giving it direct access to the transaction data

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that is sitting in the CPU's cache rather than forcing it to go out to

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memory for it and compared to last gen z ibm is figuring on a 20 to 30 x

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improvement in performance with and this is critical better consistency and

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accuracy the cash on this chip is really special too but to properly talk about

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that we need to zoom out a little bit

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now we're looking at a full compute drawer here each of which contains four

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telum chips actually this one's only got three in it so far i'm assuming i have

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this esd strap on so i can install the last one right is it this one wait so you guys handed

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me a working chip before oh well that was your first mistake

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okay uh where's the nifty install tool ah yes

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okay cool so i've seen this demo once which should be more than enough for me

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to perform it for you the telum chip goes in a little something like that

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then this doohickey majig lines up with

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the dots on the thing then you grab the chip

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all right you make sure it's not going to come off over something soft ish

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holds on to a little something like that we really hope the CPU doesn't come out

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if it comes out in the socket this boy's done

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won't right just have a bit of a reputation i don't

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need it right now i don't need the sass from my camera operator here

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then i poke this in here i think

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i poke in there and then i squeeze to lock it

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we'll unlock it and boom it's in

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we give it a little wiggle heck yeah

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now we're halfway the next thing we got to do is install

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our cooling and this is super cool one

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of the first questions i asked them when i walked up to this compute drawer was

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what the heck kind of thermal compound is that my initial gut feeling was that it

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looked like some kind of liquid metal

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like i mean it's not like it's not being used in commercial products the playstation 5 is using liquid metal but

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actually it's solid metal so rather than being like an indium gallium mix of some

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sort this is just an indium thermal pad

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and what's great is you can actually see how

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there you go they've got the size just

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exactly right to cover where the dyes are creating hot spots under the

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integrated heat spreader so these are

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going to be the interface

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between the integrated liquid cooling system in the chassis

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there we go and our processors

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and i guess uh i can't even tell is the latch on it look kind of looks like it

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where's my torque wrench or screwdriver oh is this it that's it look at that

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it's all configured for me and everything yes this feels like a lot

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i mean i guess that's a lot of pins but still

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oh this really feels like a lot is that

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okay putting that kind of pressure on that

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kind of spicy expensive stuff is stressful

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i'm sure you guys are used to it though this is adorable little 3d printed hose

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holders do you know how many times i've been working on a system and i wished i

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had one of these to hold a block out of the way while i'm doing stuff i love it

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i don't like this screwdriver we're going to have to make a better torx

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screwdriver for you guys we're working on our own screwdriver

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lttstore.com yeah he knew i was going to say it

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bloody hell that looks freaking awesome

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like that is hardware porn right there if i've ever seen it

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this four CPU config gives us a total of 64 cores in this drawer and a whopping

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256 pci express gen 4 lanes but you

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might have noticed the motherboard that they're installed on is really unusual

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looking where are the memory slots

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where are the vrms let's answer the second one first

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this is called a poll card or a point of

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load card they haven't showed me how to take it out but i'm sure i can figure it

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out ah yes there we go these are super cool these take the bulk

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12 volt power that comes from the power supplies over on the end here and step

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it down to the approximately one volt that we need for the cpus and the dram

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modules and the craziest thing about these is that they've got 14 power

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phases each and they can be dynamically

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assigned depending on where they are needed with two of them

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actually being completely redundant so these three do all of the work and these

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two including one of the ones that i took out

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are doing absolutely nothing unless something fails i love seeing that old

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school ibm ass logo on like cutting

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edge total combined output not to exceed

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660 amps okay i'll be sure not to

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now they get some additional help from ah yes here they are come on out little

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buddy there we go this is called a voltage

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regulator stick or vrs it's smaller with

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fewer phases but it contributes to step down for io cards and things like that

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and then oh one other really cool thing i want to show you guys is the

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oscillator card in the front of the oh i think this thing is locked there we go

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i'm moving it in the front of the compute drawer here

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we talked in more detail about what cards like this do in our time card

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video but essentially they take an external signal and ensure that all the

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machines within a data center are running at exactly the same time to

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avoid wasting clock cycles and operate more efficiently now let's move on to

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memory and this is where things get really funky because i ain't never seen

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a memory module it looks anything like this thing there's at least three crazy

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things going on here number one is that even though this is ddr4

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some of the power delivery is actually on the module itself like we've seen

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with ddr5 second up is the ic configuration we've

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got 10 of these dram chips per side

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per side for a total of 40 which doesn't

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really correspond with any kind of ecc error correction that i've ever seen in

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my life and it turns out that that's because it's not done on the module

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each memory controller in the system actually addresses eight of these memory

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modules and the ecc is handled more like

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raid with the parity data striped across

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the eight different modules it's all managed at the memory

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controller level finally we've got this bad boy right

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here what's this thing called again with the copper chipset explorer it's the

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explorer this is a proprietary buffer chip that basically adds a latency hit

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but allows the memory controller to address vast vast amounts of memory with each of

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these systems able to handle 10 terabytes of ddr4 memory absolutely

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flipping insane

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now let's talk about why i needed all four of these chips to explain telum's

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cache configuration where a normal CPU would have a tiny lightning fast level

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one cache sitting right next to the processing course followed by a larger

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slower level two and then a larger slower level three and so on and so

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forth telum has an already aggressive by

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consumer standards 256 kilobyte private

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level one cash per core so they've got eight of those per die 16 per socket

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that is then backed up by a whopping 32

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megabytes of level 2 cash per core to

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give you some idea of what this means in practical terms look at this die shot

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this thing has more cash than compute by

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area and it does away with level three cash

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all together out the window now ibm's engineers probably could have

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said well the level two cache is so big we probably won't need level three

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anyway fair enough but they didn't

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instead when a line needs to be evicted from one of the core's private level two

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caches it will actually look for empty space in

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another course level two and then mark that as virtual level three cache

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now for that core to then fetch it from another course cache does add latency

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compared to if it had been in its own level two right next to the core

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but that would be true of a shared level three cache anyway and this approach

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affords them an incredible degree of flexibility particularly for cloud

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customers who might have very different hardware needs from one to the next

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and it gets even crazier evicted lines can also be pushed off of

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the chip to another CPU all together in

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the z16 system allowing a single core to

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conceivably have access to up to two

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gigabytes of virtual level four cache

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from the other cpus in the drawer and up to eight gigabytes if we go beyond

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just the beyond i suppose i believe i died and went to

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hardware heaven to my right is a fully

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kitted out z16 and now we can both continue and actually expand on the tour

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that we started before with that single rack unit

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this one has all four possible compute drawers populated you can see there's

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one here and there's actually three in the second rack here and in order to

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connect them ibm uses these super cool

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smp9 active cables these things are

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super badass they've actually got heat sinks on them and inside the sheath

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you'll find 10 plus one fiber for redundancy with each fiber carrying 25

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gigabit per second for a total of 250 gigabit per second oh and of course

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all of the links are redundant two of them between each one of the computers

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now over these links the system allows the cpus and the separate drawers to

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share that level two cache i talked about before as a virtual level four

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which can apparently in some cases

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actually be faster to draw off of this CPU's cache over smp9 versus pulling off

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of your own dram in your own compute drawer

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it's insane i'm just getting permission to pull a coupling link card out but i

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realized we didn't even talk about the reservoir how sick is this

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just want to fill up your mainframe no big deal got your like giant looks like

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stainless steel res going on here

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absolutely gorgeous i want 04

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just data center things how's it going

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look at these chunky quick connects man

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that is sick dare me to pull the collar back it'll be it'll be fine it'll be fine you'd have

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to actually link them together to let the liquid flow hey the lights on look

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at this and a one

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and uh i don't know sure like that hey

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there we go suckas this is a coupling link card it's using multi-mode fiber 12

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lanes per four redundant for short range

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high bandwidth linking of multiple z systems within the data center and it

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uses pci express the idea here is that

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depending on the customer's resiliency strategy which is often government

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mandated they could have a whole web of

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z systems configured for high availability which could allow an entire

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drawer to go down with immediate failover and no data loss that's why

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these plug directly into the compute drawers for less bandwidth intensive i o

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devices we rely on these you can fit so

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much PCIe in this bad boy

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codename hemlock makes them sound a little sexier than they are but they're

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still pretty cool using these direct attached copper cables actually ah cool

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i've got one of these right here they have a 16x pci link to the compute

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drawer and then you can stack these puppies up

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with a ton of i o cards nbne storage

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crypto accelerators network cards i mean you can actually run Linux on these

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things so pretty much whatever add-in board the customer desires can go in one of these

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and the pci express link between the hemlock right here

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and the compute drawer goes a little something like that

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pretty cool now you guys might have noticed that only the center two racks

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contain compute while the outer ones are

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all i o in fact this one over here on the right is just an entire tower of io

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that's normal and most of the cards that you're looking at in here are either

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ficon or sysplex cards and these work

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together to handle everything from connecting to

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storage racks within the data center to off-site synchronization and backup

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they can go unboosted up to 10 kilometers and hundred kilometers with

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boosters but in order to test that we're gonna

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have to take a little field trip

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server hairstyle just gotta

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mainframe up my view here

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welcome to the patch room in here you

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will find 50 000 Ethernet connections alongside

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200 000 i o connections the blue ones are

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om3 multi-mode fiber for carrying pci express links across the data center

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those are the ones we saw before and often these would end up at an ibm ds8k

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which is their enterprise class storage while these ones are almost all ficon

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and this is super cool if normal fiber channel drops a packet the origin is

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going to retransmit it to the destination no big deal says i no

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says ibm that is a big deal so ficon actually contains enough

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storage on each adapter in the link that

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only the last hop of the journey needs to be

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retransmitted this apparently has both performance and security implications

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sounds expensive then over oh crap i lost it um there it

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is check this out inside this box is 50

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kilometers of real actual fiber that

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they can combine with another 50 kilometer roll you can actually see it

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right there to test out their off-site capabilities

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under real-world conditions and while we're over here this is super cool

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each of these racks is set up kind of like a a site a

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site b and what these do is they can

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take hundreds of channels of 1310 fiber

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convert them to different wavelengths transmit them hundreds of kilometers

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away or whatever then split them all

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back out on the other side like with a prism into your separate channels

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freaking bananas right then there's the brains of the operation

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the support element or as i call it the my wife unit although because it's z

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there's two redundant ones and i don't know how much you'd like that

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um the support element acts as a management interface for the system

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making sure that everything is running smoothly by monitoring this intra-rack

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Ethernet network that is checking temperatures and functionality and

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reporting on failure events bringing us to the big question what does it

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actually do well the biggest draw for ibm's z customers is reliability and

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lightning fast accurate processing of transactional data that's what it does

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way better than x86 and z16 aims to

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improve over last gen by introducing tools that will help it do all of that

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and faster thanks to a machine learning boost as well as adding new tools that

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will help customers identify and streamline security and compliance

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obstacles in the organization sounds fancy

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so i'm sure you're wondering how much one of these costs well the truth is

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that the number in the title there assuming i haven't changed it by now is

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more of a guesstimate a bear cage actually starts in the neighborhood of

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250 000 but every single system is custom built

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to the spec of the purchaser and the ibm

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folks here laughed and but by the time you've got all the

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hardware and software to actually run it i'd say we're pretty comfortable with

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that million dollar number as an approximate so you won't be having any

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of these in your basement lab anytime soon but uh what you might have is

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going to freshbooks.com Linus

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my voice is shot so if you enjoyed this video maybe go

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check out our tour of sfu's super computer it was super cool i feel like

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this is like a scene at a gremlins