putting something together yourself can be a really satisfying experience
whether it's a recipe a tool shed or of course your own PC but ordering parts
from your favorite website and slotting them together is really as far as most
people go I mean you can't exactly whip up a a CPU from scratch can you well you
can't but fortunately companies like Intel Global foundaries and tsmc do it
every day but how believe it or not the
main ingredient in that fancy cor i7
sitting in your rig or that Snapdragon sitting in your smartphone is sand I
mean it isn't exactly the same stuff that you find on the beach it's
specially mined in order to be more pure
than what you would make a sand castle out of and this sand is heated to
thousands of degrees and chemically purified to produce a virtually Flawless
cylinder of silicon hence the name Silicon Valley for California is
high-tech region now the reason that Purity is so important is that as
processor technology has continued to advance the tiny transistors on CPUs
have gotten smaller and smaller so that more of them can fit on One processor
die making it more powerful and because
chipmakers are now packing as many of these transistors as possible onto CPUs
the margins for error are extremely slim making precise manufacturing and Ultra
Clean environments abs absolute musts so
after the Silicon is purified it's cut into what are called Wafers which
resemble mirrors more than the cracker kind of wafer that wafer is then
polished a photosensitive chemical is applied kind of like what's used in film
then ultraviolet light is sha through a stencil that's shaped exactly like the
transistor layout that the engineers created for the CPU because Wafers
themselves are usually quite large the process of shining light through the
stencil can be repeated many times fitting hundreds of CPU dyes onto a
single wafer after the UV light step is
complete the wafer is washed in a solvent that dissolves the exposed areas
leaving a pattern that another machine etches into the wafer itself these
etches are then bombarded by ions that charged atoms that embed themselves into
the Silicon changing the way that they conduct electricity to create
transistors that only allow current to flow in One Direction which means they
can function as Tiny switches or Gates
that make your CPU able to understand instructions which by the way you can
learn more about here in fact the whole reason we use silicon as the base for
processors is because of its ability to accept these ions that form the
foundation for modern transistors so after these transistors
are created the next step is to connect them together to make a functional
processor die this is done with rigid copper interconnects essentially tiny
wires that are applied on top of the transistors with a similar ultraviolet
and etching process to what I explained earlier exactly how they're connected
depends on what CPU architecture the engineers are using whether it be
something like Sky Lake code name Skylake for Intel or code name zen for
AMD this is done in many many layers to
prevent any of these wires from accidentally touching and causing a
ShortCircuit or any other kind of defect the dyes are then tested and the
good ones are placed into a CPU package
that is what allows it to plug into the socket on your motherboard you add a
heat spreader on top of that and voila you've got the Beating Heart of your new
PC phone or anything else that requires a CPU but is silicon always going to be
the core ingredient in the buffet of CPUs of life
well because of the chemical properties of silicon actually the answer is
probably no we're very close to the physical limit of how small transistors
can be made on Silicon meaning that we may see CPUs made from something
completely different by the end of this decade but silicon will remain very
useful for quite some time and besides renaming the Bay Area indium gallium
arsenide Valley just doesn't really roll
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how did You Hear About Us section it's linked in the video description so
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this is kind of a oh it's kind of like a spoilers thing okay well whatever we
build lightsabers it's really freaking cool uh guys leave a comment under this
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