{"video_id":"N7ut61pSLwk","title":"How CPUs Are Made As Fast As Possible","channel":"Techquickie","show":"Techquickie","published_at":"2016-05-06T14:58:16Z","duration_s":402,"segments":[{"start_s":0.08,"end_s":6.12,"text":"putting something together yourself can be a really satisfying experience","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":3.32,"end_s":11.24,"text":"whether it's a recipe a tool shed or of course your own PC but ordering parts","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":9.08,"end_s":15.839,"text":"from your favorite website and slotting them together is really as far as most","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":13.559,"end_s":23.199,"text":"people go I mean you can't exactly whip up a a CPU from scratch can you well you","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":20.64,"end_s":30.32,"text":"can't but fortunately companies like Intel Global foundaries and tsmc do it","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":26.599,"end_s":33.44,"text":"every day but how believe it or not the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":30.32,"end_s":36.0,"text":"main ingredient in that fancy cor i7","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":33.44,"end_s":41.2,"text":"sitting in your rig or that Snapdragon sitting in your smartphone is sand I","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":39.36,"end_s":45.96,"text":"mean it isn't exactly the same stuff that you find on the beach it's","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":42.879,"end_s":47.68,"text":"specially mined in order to be more pure","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":45.96,"end_s":52.199,"text":"than what you would make a sand castle out of and this sand is heated to","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":50.12,"end_s":58.359,"text":"thousands of degrees and chemically purified to produce a virtually Flawless","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":55.879,"end_s":62.44,"text":"cylinder of silicon hence the name Silicon Valley for California is","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":60.199,"end_s":67.32,"text":"high-tech region now the reason that Purity is so important is that as","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":65.199,"end_s":73.0,"text":"processor technology has continued to advance the tiny transistors on CPUs","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":70.4,"end_s":78.439,"text":"have gotten smaller and smaller so that more of them can fit on One processor","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":75.439,"end_s":80.52,"text":"die making it more powerful and because","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":78.439,"end_s":86.119,"text":"chipmakers are now packing as many of these transistors as possible onto CPUs","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":83.439,"end_s":92.28,"text":"the margins for error are extremely slim making precise manufacturing and Ultra","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":88.6,"end_s":94.439,"text":"Clean environments abs absolute musts so","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":92.28,"end_s":98.64,"text":"after the Silicon is purified it's cut into what are called Wafers which","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":96.2,"end_s":103.96,"text":"resemble mirrors more than the cracker kind of wafer that wafer is then","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":101.32,"end_s":109.439,"text":"polished a photosensitive chemical is applied kind of like what's used in film","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":106.52,"end_s":113.56,"text":"then ultraviolet light is sha through a stencil that's shaped exactly like the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":111.799,"end_s":118.96,"text":"transistor layout that the engineers created for the CPU because Wafers","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":116.64,"end_s":122.719,"text":"themselves are usually quite large the process of shining light through the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":120.399,"end_s":129.319,"text":"stencil can be repeated many times fitting hundreds of CPU dyes onto a","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":125.96,"end_s":131.2,"text":"single wafer after the UV light step is","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":129.319,"end_s":135.959,"text":"complete the wafer is washed in a solvent that dissolves the exposed areas","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":133.84,"end_s":141.44,"text":"leaving a pattern that another machine etches into the wafer itself these","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":138.8,"end_s":145.8,"text":"etches are then bombarded by ions that charged atoms that embed themselves into","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":143.72,"end_s":150.519,"text":"the Silicon changing the way that they conduct electricity to create","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":148.08,"end_s":156.04,"text":"transistors that only allow current to flow in One Direction which means they","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":152.68,"end_s":158.4,"text":"can function as Tiny switches or Gates","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":156.04,"end_s":163.2,"text":"that make your CPU able to understand instructions which by the way you can","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":160.239,"end_s":167.879,"text":"learn more about here in fact the whole reason we use silicon as the base for","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":165.159,"end_s":172.28,"text":"processors is because of its ability to accept these ions that form the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":169.84,"end_s":176.84,"text":"foundation for modern transistors so after these transistors","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":174.599,"end_s":182.04,"text":"are created the next step is to connect them together to make a functional","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":179.2,"end_s":187.56,"text":"processor die this is done with rigid copper interconnects essentially tiny","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":185.4,"end_s":192.84,"text":"wires that are applied on top of the transistors with a similar ultraviolet","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":190.2,"end_s":198.319,"text":"and etching process to what I explained earlier exactly how they're connected","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":195.4,"end_s":202.159,"text":"depends on what CPU architecture the engineers are using whether it be","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":199.959,"end_s":208.2,"text":"something like Sky Lake code name Skylake for Intel or code name zen for","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":204.84,"end_s":210.4,"text":"AMD this is done in many many layers to","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":208.2,"end_s":214.319,"text":"prevent any of these wires from accidentally touching and causing a","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":212.36,"end_s":220.68,"text":"ShortCircuit or any other kind of defect the dyes are then tested and the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":217.64,"end_s":222.319,"text":"good ones are placed into a CPU package","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":220.68,"end_s":226.92,"text":"that is what allows it to plug into the socket on your motherboard you add a","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":224.319,"end_s":231.239,"text":"heat spreader on top of that and voila you've got the Beating Heart of your new","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":228.72,"end_s":237.879,"text":"PC phone or anything else that requires a CPU but is silicon always going to be","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":235.079,"end_s":242.439,"text":"the core ingredient in the buffet of CPUs of life","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":240.64,"end_s":247.319,"text":"well because of the chemical properties of silicon actually the answer is","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":245.12,"end_s":253.48,"text":"probably no we're very close to the physical limit of how small transistors","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":250.56,"end_s":258.16,"text":"can be made on Silicon meaning that we may see CPUs made from something","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":255.439,"end_s":263.44,"text":"completely different by the end of this decade but silicon will remain very","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":260.759,"end_s":269.24,"text":"useful for quite some time and besides renaming the Bay Area indium gallium","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":266.12,"end_s":270.32,"text":"arsenide Valley just doesn't really roll","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":269.24,"end_s":279.88,"text":"off the T but you know what does roll off the tongue fresh books fresh books fresh","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":276.479,"end_s":283.199,"text":"books the irony being that uh while the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":279.88,"end_s":285.039,"text":"idea is fresh books are really not what","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":283.199,"end_s":288.68,"text":"we're talking about because it's all in the cloud I mean okay it's doing your","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":286.919,"end_s":294.52,"text":"accounting books so figuratively there but anyway the point is fresh books is","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":291.44,"end_s":297.28,"text":"all about small business owners who want","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":294.52,"end_s":301.72,"text":"to get more organized be able to make more money because they can spend their","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":299.08,"end_s":306.919,"text":"time doing actual work instead of you know chasing down invoices and figuring","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":304.52,"end_s":312.8,"text":"out how many hours they build on that job and whether you're a you know dance","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":309.32,"end_s":315.84,"text":"instructor a yoga teacher a plumber a","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":312.8,"end_s":317.8,"text":"house painter a computer uh technician","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":315.84,"end_s":321.639,"text":"or whatever it is that you're doing as a as a small self-employed person fresh","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":320.039,"end_s":326.479,"text":"books is going to make your life less stressed out and more organized you can","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":324.4,"end_s":331.0,"text":"track all of your hours in one Cloud managed place you can create invoices","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":329.0,"end_s":335.08,"text":"you can send them to clients you can see when they viewed your invoices and they","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":332.919,"end_s":338.479,"text":"can pay you directly through invoice they've even got a new feature that","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":336.72,"end_s":341.88,"text":"allows you to accept deposits through their platform so you can make sure you","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":340.16,"end_s":347.319,"text":"don't show up on a job site with a bunch of you know pipes and toilets and have","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":344.84,"end_s":352.68,"text":"the client be like yeah so we went with someone else deposits are a much bigger","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":350.4,"end_s":356.44,"text":"thing than you might necessarily think now getting started on freshbooks is","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":354.199,"end_s":359.4,"text":"extremely simple even if you're not a numbers person actually especially if","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":358.12,"end_s":363.639,"text":"you're not a numbers person and you can try try freshbooks for free for 30 days","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":361.88,"end_s":367.599,"text":"by going to freshbooks.com tequi and entering techquickie in the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":365.84,"end_s":372.919,"text":"how did You Hear About Us section it's linked in the video description so","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":370.039,"end_s":377.44,"text":"thanks for watching guys if you like the video like it if you disliked it well","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":376.08,"end_s":380.919,"text":"I'm sorry to hear that but I guess you can dislike the video check out our","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":379.319,"end_s":384.039,"text":"other channels by the way we have a video uh coming very soon on channel","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":383.039,"end_s":389.919,"text":"super fun you're going to want to get subscribed to Channel Super Fun because it's awesome where we like actually oh","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":388.0,"end_s":393.319,"text":"this is kind of a oh it's kind of like a spoilers thing okay well whatever we","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":391.56,"end_s":396.84,"text":"build lightsabers it's really freaking cool uh guys leave a comment under this","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":395.319,"end_s":400.16,"text":"video if you have suggestions for future fastest possible videos and as always","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":398.599,"end_s":403.24,"text":"don't forget to subscribe and follow and all that good stuff","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0}],"full_text":"putting something together yourself can be a really satisfying experience whether it's a recipe a tool shed or of course your own PC but ordering parts from your favorite website and slotting them together is really as far as most people go I mean you can't exactly whip up a a CPU from scratch can you well you can't but fortunately companies like Intel Global foundaries and tsmc do it every day but how believe it or not the main ingredient in that fancy cor i7 sitting in your rig or that Snapdragon sitting in your smartphone is sand I mean it isn't exactly the same stuff that you find on the beach it's specially mined in order to be more pure than what you would make a sand castle out of and this sand is heated to thousands of degrees and chemically purified to produce a virtually Flawless cylinder of silicon hence the name Silicon Valley for California is high-tech region now the reason that Purity is so important is that as processor technology has continued to advance the tiny transistors on CPUs have gotten smaller and smaller so that more of them can fit on One processor die making it more powerful and because chipmakers are now packing as many of these transistors as possible onto CPUs the margins for error are extremely slim making precise manufacturing and Ultra Clean environments abs absolute musts so after the Silicon is purified it's cut into what are called Wafers which resemble mirrors more than the cracker kind of wafer that wafer is then polished a photosensitive chemical is applied kind of like what's used in film then ultraviolet light is sha through a stencil that's shaped exactly like the transistor layout that the engineers created for the CPU because Wafers themselves are usually quite large the process of shining light through the stencil can be repeated many times fitting hundreds of CPU dyes onto a single wafer after the UV light step is complete the wafer is washed in a solvent that dissolves the exposed areas leaving a pattern that another machine etches into the wafer itself these etches are then bombarded by ions that charged atoms that embed themselves into the Silicon changing the way that they conduct electricity to create transistors that only allow current to flow in One Direction which means they can function as Tiny switches or Gates that make your CPU able to understand instructions which by the way you can learn more about here in fact the whole reason we use silicon as the base for processors is because of its ability to accept these ions that form the foundation for modern transistors so after these transistors are created the next step is to connect them together to make a functional processor die this is done with rigid copper interconnects essentially tiny wires that are applied on top of the transistors with a similar ultraviolet and etching process to what I explained earlier exactly how they're connected depends on what CPU architecture the engineers are using whether it be something like Sky Lake code name Skylake for Intel or code name zen for AMD this is done in many many layers to prevent any of these wires from accidentally touching and causing a ShortCircuit or any other kind of defect the dyes are then tested and the good ones are placed into a CPU package that is what allows it to plug into the socket on your motherboard you add a heat spreader on top of that and voila you've got the Beating Heart of your new PC phone or anything else that requires a CPU but is silicon always going to be the core ingredient in the buffet of CPUs of life well because of the chemical properties of silicon actually the answer is probably no we're very close to the physical limit of how small transistors can be made on Silicon meaning that we may see CPUs made from something completely different by the end of this decade but silicon will remain very useful for quite some time and besides renaming the Bay Area indium gallium arsenide Valley just doesn't really roll off the T but you know what does roll off the tongue fresh books fresh books fresh books the irony being that uh while the idea is fresh books are really not what we're talking about because it's all in the cloud I mean okay it's doing your accounting books so figuratively there but anyway the point is fresh books is all about small business owners who want to get more organized be able to make more money because they can spend their time doing actual work instead of you know chasing down invoices and figuring out how many hours they build on that job and whether you're a you know dance instructor a yoga teacher a plumber a house painter a computer uh technician or whatever it is that you're doing as a as a small self-employed person fresh books is going to make your life less stressed out and more organized you can track all of your hours in one Cloud managed place you can create invoices you can send them to clients you can see when they viewed your invoices and they can pay you directly through invoice they've even got a new feature that allows you to accept deposits through their platform so you can make sure you don't show up on a job site with a bunch of you know pipes and toilets and have the client be like yeah so we went with someone else deposits are a much bigger thing than you might necessarily think now getting started on freshbooks is extremely simple even if you're not a numbers person actually especially if you're not a numbers person and you can try try freshbooks for free for 30 days by going to freshbooks.com tequi and entering techquickie in the how did You Hear About Us section it's linked in the video description so thanks for watching guys if you like the video like it if you disliked it well I'm sorry to hear that but I guess you can dislike the video check out our other channels by the way we have a video uh coming very soon on Channel Super Fun you're going to want to get subscribed to Channel Super Fun because it's awesome where we like actually oh this is kind of a oh it's kind of like a spoilers thing okay well whatever we build lightsabers it's really freaking cool uh guys leave a comment under this video if you have suggestions for future fastest possible videos and as always don't forget to subscribe and follow and all that good stuff"}