{"video_id":"JK3eTGkX6qY","title":"Why is this PCIe Card RADIOACTIVE?","channel":"Linus Tech Tips","show":"Linus Tech Tips","published_at":"2022-05-05T14:53:29Z","duration_s":852,"segments":[{"start_s":0.0,"end_s":5.759,"text":"in my hand right now is an atomic clock","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":3.12,"end_s":9.08,"text":"like the real kind with rubidium inside and installing it promises to make your","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":8.099,"end_s":15.9,"text":"computer 100 times faster that is if your","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":13.86,"end_s":19.859,"text":"computer happens to be a massive data center but seriously though","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":17.76,"end_s":23.939,"text":"without a data center we've got it working here in our lab and based on","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":22.38,"end_s":27.66,"text":"what we've seen this could be the biggest Leap Forward in Computing this","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":25.92,"end_s":32.399,"text":"decade it doesn't sound like the biggest deal on the surface you know nanosecond","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":30.359,"end_s":36.899,"text":"accurate time synchronized between every computer on a network so what right but","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":34.86,"end_s":41.04,"text":"so much Computing over head goes into compensating for Signal delays that this","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":39.48,"end_s":45.48,"text":"could do everything from improving the efficiency of live video broadcasts to","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":43.2,"end_s":50.1,"text":"dramatically reducing in-game latency to enhancing online security and the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":47.64,"end_s":56.52,"text":"craziest thing is that almost every device from this computer to my phone","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":53.879,"end_s":61.02,"text":"already has the necessary Hardware to implement it all they need is an","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":58.98,"end_s":65.88,"text":"accurate pulse from a card like this one and they're Off to the Races and we're","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":63.48,"end_s":69.0,"text":"going to show you guys how it works and we're going to tell you about our","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":66.84,"end_s":72.659,"text":"sponsor glasswire are you lagging out while Gaming use glasswire and see what","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":71.28,"end_s":76.68,"text":"apps are wasting your bandwidth and causing your games to lag get 25 off","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":74.76,"end_s":78.979,"text":"using offer code Linus at the link down below","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":85.52,"end_s":91.08,"text":"highly precise timing is a pretty mature technology at this point and it's","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":89.46,"end_s":95.46,"text":"already being used in a number of critical applications like power","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":93.06,"end_s":100.14,"text":"stations where a mismatch between the AC output and the phase of the electrical","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":97.38,"end_s":103.619,"text":"grid could cause a big fire or broadcasting where all the cameras need","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":102.06,"end_s":108.119,"text":"to be synced up on the Jumbotron to avoid tearing or for scientific research","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":105.84,"end_s":114.96,"text":"like at the Large Hadron Collider or our friends over at ligo what is new about","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":110.64,"end_s":116.88,"text":"it is the affordability now at sixteen","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":114.96,"end_s":121.86,"text":"hundred dollars most Gamers would probably choose an RTX 3090 or really","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":119.759,"end_s":126.899,"text":"almost anything else but in the data center that is chump change and it's a","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":124.74,"end_s":131.7,"text":"fraction of what these Solutions used to cost so here's our setup to show you","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":129.0,"end_s":137.64,"text":"guys why this is important and just how good this technology is inside this Nook","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":134.76,"end_s":144.48,"text":"9 extreme is a Rubidium atomic clock which synchronizes to G PS time","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":140.099,"end_s":145.5,"text":"periodically using this antenna oh this","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":144.48,"end_s":149.64,"text":"one not that it really needs to given that a","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":147.78,"end_s":157.08,"text":"clock like this should drift about one second every 100 million years and then","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":153.72,"end_s":159.12,"text":"over here this is another computer now","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":157.08,"end_s":163.56,"text":"in the course of communicating with our first computer this one would normally","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":161.04,"end_s":168.0,"text":"attach timestamps to every data packet to ensure that they are processed and","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":165.48,"end_s":172.379,"text":"responded to in the correct order but we've got a big problem you see these","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":170.519,"end_s":176.72,"text":"two computers and probably the one you're using right now are synchronized","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":174.18,"end_s":182.7,"text":"using the network time protocol or ntp and ntp was awesome back when it was","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":180.42,"end_s":188.04,"text":"created by David Mills back in the 1980s but to say that computers have gotten a","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":185.94,"end_s":192.0,"text":"little faster and the internet has expanded since then would be a gross","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":190.86,"end_s":196.92,"text":"understatement so look at this we've set each one of","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":194.819,"end_s":201.72,"text":"our computers to Output a timing pulse every second you can see right here","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":198.9,"end_s":206.34,"text":"there pretty close within a few milliseconds of true time oh the blue","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":204.0,"end_s":210.54,"text":"one came unplugged hello oh God it broke a piece off of it is it","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":208.86,"end_s":216.18,"text":"alive please tell me we get signal main screen turn on yep it's there oh thank God okay we need","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":213.72,"end_s":220.44,"text":"tape do you want better tape no you see the one in the back there has actually","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":217.92,"end_s":224.54,"text":"managed to go each one of these lines represents 100 milliseconds so 100 200","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":223.08,"end_s":229.56,"text":"about 270 milliseconds ahead of true time","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":227.94,"end_s":235.56,"text":"which is this yellow Mark right here while the green one has actually drifted","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":231.9,"end_s":237.48,"text":"about 120 milliseconds back so the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":235.56,"end_s":243.06,"text":"difference between them is about 400 milliseconds nearly half a second but","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":240.659,"end_s":248.34,"text":"while that might have been fine in 1980 modern computers can perform literally","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":245.64,"end_s":252.78,"text":"millions of calculations in that time which means there are Speedy boy over","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":250.2,"end_s":258.68,"text":"here ends up waiting around for the slower second machine","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":254.76,"end_s":258.68,"text":"now watch this","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":266.58,"end_s":272.699,"text":"and it's time for an impromptu Vlog this is Ahmed who is much smarter than us and","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":271.139,"end_s":277.68,"text":"knows how this works and he has remoted into our computer to synchronize our","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":275.58,"end_s":282.12,"text":"nonsense here he like hand built this card apparently","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":279.9,"end_s":287.759,"text":"what all that is doing right now is enabling the Precision Time protocol or","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":284.759,"end_s":290.52,"text":"PTP which should","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":287.759,"end_s":295.08,"text":"clamp things down to be nearly a million times more accurate than they were","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":292.199,"end_s":299.82,"text":"before how are your kids doing on that I think I hear some kids in the background","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":296.46,"end_s":301.82,"text":"getting lots of sleep I bet right","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":299.82,"end_s":301.82,"text":"yeah","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":305.06,"end_s":312.56,"text":"not true I apologize for Alex bunging up","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":308.82,"end_s":312.56,"text":"all of your carefully configured stuff","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":312.72,"end_s":318.06,"text":"did you say Alex is inbred what","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":315.78,"end_s":323.759,"text":"we think we know what happened the Nick that is behind our time card here seems","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":321.18,"end_s":329.0,"text":"to be experiencing some kind of thermal shutdown event whose idea was it to do","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":325.919,"end_s":329.0,"text":"this with Nooks","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":329.52,"end_s":335.82,"text":"yay I think we got it okay all right","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":332.94,"end_s":340.139,"text":"awesome thank you now that we're synced up we can zoom all the way in we're at a","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":338.34,"end_s":343.68,"text":"hundred milliseconds per line in our grid here we can go all the way down to","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":342.24,"end_s":350.82,"text":"one microsecond you can see the difference is about 1.2 micro seconds","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":347.759,"end_s":352.979,"text":"that's about a thousand nanoseconds and","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":350.82,"end_s":358.139,"text":"when we're talking about time increments that small I mean you can actually see","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":355.5,"end_s":362.82,"text":"that this offset is very constant between the two that's because that's","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":360.18,"end_s":367.62,"text":"the amount of time it actually takes for the signal to pass through the fpga","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":365.16,"end_s":373.38,"text":"through the PCI Express bus so we can actually put an offset in to have this","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":369.419,"end_s":374.699,"text":"thing dialed in exactly to GPS time but","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":373.38,"end_s":379.86,"text":"why does it matter I'm so glad you asked with two computers","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":377.78,"end_s":386.039,"text":"honestly speaking it doesn't very much but if your","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":382.68,"end_s":388.74,"text":"Facebook or Google or let's say the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":386.039,"end_s":393.18,"text":"entire internet making sure that every user gets the correct information is","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":391.319,"end_s":397.56,"text":"very important I mean you don't want someone's friend list to change based on","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":395.52,"end_s":402.12,"text":"which server they connect to for instance right so this means that every","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":400.02,"end_s":406.199,"text":"time a request is made for some information checks need to be done to","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":404.34,"end_s":413.94,"text":"ensure that the user is getting the most current information but deciding what","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":410.58,"end_s":416.34,"text":"the most current information is can add","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":413.94,"end_s":421.08,"text":"a lot of overhead in the past if there was some kind of disagreement it was","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":418.02,"end_s":423.3,"text":"typically settled with a vote so the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":421.08,"end_s":427.8,"text":"request goes out and all of the machines need to decide what information is","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":425.46,"end_s":431.4,"text":"correct by voting when half of the machines say the information is correct","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":429.36,"end_s":434.639,"text":"it gets sent to the user this is easy enough if you just have a handful of","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":433.319,"end_s":438.6,"text":"machines but when you're dealing with a data center where thousands or even","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":436.68,"end_s":443.28,"text":"millions of machines are involved I think you can see why having all all of","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":440.46,"end_s":449.46,"text":"them vote on every single user request isn't feasible so nowadays instead of a","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":446.819,"end_s":455.22,"text":"vote a proposal is blasted out basically asking everyone hey is this the correct","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":452.16,"end_s":458.28,"text":"dog photo and if no one yells back no it","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":455.22,"end_s":460.38,"text":"needs to have the text Mondays then the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":458.28,"end_s":465.24,"text":"photo gets sent to the user but the thing is that this method assumes that","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":462.479,"end_s":470.58,"text":"all of the clocks are in sync in order to work and if they aren't we can run","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":467.4,"end_s":473.58,"text":"into problems for example let's say that","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":470.58,"end_s":476.58,"text":"system a is two milliseconds behind true","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":473.58,"end_s":479.039,"text":"time and system B is three milliseconds","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":476.58,"end_s":483.66,"text":"ahead of true time these are totally realistic numbers by the way as you guys","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":480.72,"end_s":488.16,"text":"saw if system B sends out a message and system a receives it almost immediately","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":485.94,"end_s":493.139,"text":"in less than that difference less than five milliseconds system a will think","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":490.8,"end_s":497.94,"text":"that it got a message from the future now thankfully the smart people at these","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":495.66,"end_s":501.36,"text":"massive data centers they have some kind of fancy code to allow different","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":499.74,"end_s":504.5,"text":"different machines to deal with receiving time stamped data in the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":503.16,"end_s":510.12,"text":"future right no they actually don't it turns out that","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":508.44,"end_s":516.899,"text":"the most foolproof solution to this problem is to just add a massive 20","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":513.659,"end_s":520.08,"text":"millisecond delay to every single","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":516.899,"end_s":522.24,"text":"request to ensure that every machine is","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":520.08,"end_s":528.18,"text":"always receiving data that is time stamped from the past that is why adding","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":526.14,"end_s":534.12,"text":"an atomic clock to the mix and getting the timing of every computer down to","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":531.12,"end_s":536.339,"text":"this nanosecond scale of precision and","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":534.12,"end_s":541.98,"text":"accuracy both has such a profound performance impact in Facebook's case","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":538.8,"end_s":543.72,"text":"they were able to get 100 times the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":541.98,"end_s":547.2,"text":"throughput by eliminating that 20 millisecond delay what makes this","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":545.459,"end_s":552.0,"text":"incredibly cool though is that it can be used for way more than helping Facebook","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":548.94,"end_s":554.88,"text":"efficiently sell your data or a hedge","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":552.0,"end_s":559.68,"text":"fund make millions with computerized transactions the entire project is open","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":557.58,"end_s":565.08,"text":"source and can be implemented by anyone any way they would like like if we","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":562.08,"end_s":568.38,"text":"wanted nanoseconds level order","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":565.08,"end_s":570.72,"text":"information on lttstore.com so we know","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":568.38,"end_s":573.959,"text":"exactly who got a mouse pad you know before they're sold out again one of the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":572.64,"end_s":578.279,"text":"other ways that this could affect you in the coming years is Competitive Gaming","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":575.76,"end_s":582.959,"text":"by having highly accurate clocks in every computer around the world packet","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":580.68,"end_s":587.399,"text":"time stamping would become a lot simpler and especially more fair for people who","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":585.66,"end_s":591.18,"text":"are geographically farther away from the game server I could be playing","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":588.72,"end_s":596.279,"text":"Battlefield for instance against someone in Korea and since the server would know","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":593.279,"end_s":599.279,"text":"down to a few dozen nanoseconds who","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":596.279,"end_s":601.74,"text":"clicked first it would always accurately","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":599.279,"end_s":605.76,"text":"determine who got a headshot and who's going back to the loadout screen so","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":603.54,"end_s":609.839,"text":"Ahmed who hand built our time card and sent it to us really wants to create a","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":608.459,"end_s":614.399,"text":"simpler version of this that could be put into any NVMe slot to give Gamers","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":612.3,"end_s":619.38,"text":"access to this technology and since there's a good chance that the Nic in","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":616.32,"end_s":622.68,"text":"their computer already supports PTP it's","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":619.38,"end_s":624.959,"text":"not even that crazy of a goal in the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":622.68,"end_s":630.18,"text":"longer term hey Bigfoot networks dream of a of a gaming Nick that actually does","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":627.36,"end_s":633.839,"text":"anything could finally come true yeah and implementing this super accurate","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":632.459,"end_s":637.5,"text":"timing also has some really cool applications for the Fiber Optic Cables","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":635.58,"end_s":642.12,"text":"running beneath the ocean roughly every 80 kilometers or so there's a signal","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":639.72,"end_s":646.68,"text":"booster going across the ocean and if one of those goes down well it shouldn't","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":644.88,"end_s":651.72,"text":"be a surprise to you that accessing a cable run that is several kilometers","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":648.66,"end_s":653.82,"text":"underwater is pretty inconvenient but","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":651.72,"end_s":658.62,"text":"the thing is before these repeaters give up the ghost they will usually start","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":655.62,"end_s":660.959,"text":"running slower and with accurate timing","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":658.62,"end_s":664.74,"text":"on either side you could actually figure out that the signal is taking longer","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":662.64,"end_s":668.82,"text":"than expected and figure out which repeater is beginning to fail from here","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":667.2,"end_s":674.76,"text":"you could reduce the amount of data going through it to extend the repeater's life and schedule repairs","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":672.42,"end_s":678.12,"text":"even more mind-boggling the undersea cables can be used to detect","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":676.2,"end_s":681.24,"text":"gravitational waves you might remember our video at the laser interface","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":679.56,"end_s":685.74,"text":"ferrometer gravitational wave Observatory or ligo where they use","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":683.339,"end_s":690.36,"text":"lasers to Super accurately measure changes in the physical size of the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":687.6,"end_s":693.72,"text":"Earth due to black holes colliding or something well ligo is actually","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":692.22,"end_s":698.04,"text":"currently working with the time Appliance project to get the timing","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":695.519,"end_s":704.22,"text":"between their three locations to within a single clock cycle of their processors","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":701.1,"end_s":706.2,"text":"but by accurately measuring the time it","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":704.22,"end_s":709.98,"text":"takes for light to cross the ocean you have suddenly turned the whole world","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":707.82,"end_s":714.66,"text":"into a gravitational wave detector instead of just a four kilometer stretch","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":712.019,"end_s":719.519,"text":"of desert in Washington State accurate timing also has huge implications for","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":716.94,"end_s":724.26,"text":"security like if you know that it always takes 10 milliseconds for a message to","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":721.98,"end_s":728.16,"text":"be sent between two computers if there's some deviation like if someone tried to","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":726.12,"end_s":733.14,"text":"inject something or sniff the packets you can just ignore the data that didn't","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":730.92,"end_s":738.12,"text":"arrive than you expected it to and finally PTP could have a huge impact on","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":736.019,"end_s":741.899,"text":"streaming and live content currently there's no real way to verify the","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":739.92,"end_s":746.88,"text":"Integrity of a stream you're basically just pushing out data and counting on","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":745.2,"end_s":751.26,"text":"user complaints to tell you that something is wrong with it with tighter","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":749.279,"end_s":755.22,"text":"clocks it should be possible to have much higher image quality with fewer","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":753.42,"end_s":759.36,"text":"chances of corruption occurring along the way although with these examples we","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":757.8,"end_s":762.899,"text":"are only scratching the surface of what can be done here the best part of 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word also we're considering","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":787.38,"end_s":794.16,"text":"implementing this in our office to see if we get some kind of network","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":791.519,"end_s":798.779,"text":"performance benefit so make sure you're subscribed so you don't miss that are we","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":796.019,"end_s":803.639,"text":"really going to do that uh uh maybe I'm not sure either what I am sure about is","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":801.36,"end_s":806.639,"text":"our sponsor thanks to Squarespace for sponsoring this video if you need a","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":805.079,"end_s":812.1,"text":"website and don't know how to make it Squarespace makes it easy there's a wide","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":810.24,"end_s":815.459,"text":"selection of award-winning templates and all of them are optimized for mobile so","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":813.66,"end_s":819.24,"text":"your website will look great on any device you can create members only","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":817.56,"end_s":823.139,"text":"content for extra Revenue using squarespace's members area you can grow","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":821.459,"end_s":826.8,"text":"and engage with your audience with the powerful and easy to use email campaign","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":825.0,"end_s":830.76,"text":"system and if you ever need additional help Squarespace offers webinars a full","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":829.079,"end_s":835.8,"text":"series of help guides or you can contact their 24 7 customer support via live","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":833.1,"end_s":839.579,"text":"chat and email so don't wait get started today by going to squarespace.com","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":837.48,"end_s":843.899,"text":"forward slash LTT where you can get 10 off your first purchase if you enjoyed","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":1},{"start_s":842.399,"end_s":847.5,"text":"this and you're looking for more sciency videos from us check out our tour of","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":845.519,"end_s":852.839,"text":"ligo the engineering that goes into the detection of gravitational waves is","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0},{"start_s":849.24,"end_s":852.839,"text":"truly mind-bending","speaker":null,"is_sponsor":0}],"full_text":"in my hand right now is an atomic clock like the real kind with rubidium inside and installing it promises to make your computer 100 times faster that is if your computer happens to be a massive data center but seriously though without a data center we've got it working here in our lab and based on what we've seen this could be the biggest Leap Forward in Computing this decade it doesn't sound like the biggest deal on the surface you know nanosecond accurate time synchronized between every computer on a network so what right but so much Computing over head goes into compensating for Signal delays that this could do everything from improving the efficiency of live video broadcasts to dramatically reducing in-game latency to enhancing online security and the craziest thing is that almost every device from this computer to my phone already has the necessary Hardware to implement it all they need is an accurate pulse from a card like this one and they're Off to the Races and we're going to show you guys how it works and we're going to tell you about our sponsor glasswire are you lagging out while Gaming use glasswire and see what apps are wasting your bandwidth and causing your games to lag get 25 off using offer code Linus at the link down below highly precise timing is a pretty mature technology at this point and it's already being used in a number of critical applications like power stations where a mismatch between the AC output and the phase of the electrical grid could cause a big fire or broadcasting where all the cameras need to be synced up on the Jumbotron to avoid tearing or for scientific research like at the Large Hadron Collider or our friends over at ligo what is new about it is the affordability now at sixteen hundred dollars most Gamers would probably choose an RTX 3090 or really almost anything else but in the data center that is chump change and it's a fraction of what these Solutions used to cost so here's our setup to show you guys why this is important and just how good this technology is inside this Nook 9 extreme is a Rubidium atomic clock which synchronizes to G PS time periodically using this antenna oh this one not that it really needs to given that a clock like this should drift about one second every 100 million years and then over here this is another computer now in the course of communicating with our first computer this one would normally attach timestamps to every data packet to ensure that they are processed and responded to in the correct order but we've got a big problem you see these two computers and probably the one you're using right now are synchronized using the network time protocol or ntp and ntp was awesome back when it was created by David Mills back in the 1980s but to say that computers have gotten a little faster and the internet has expanded since then would be a gross understatement so look at this we've set each one of our computers to Output a timing pulse every second you can see right here there pretty close within a few milliseconds of true time oh the blue one came unplugged hello oh God it broke a piece off of it is it alive please tell me we get signal main screen turn on yep it's there oh thank God okay we need tape do you want better tape no you see the one in the back there has actually managed to go each one of these lines represents 100 milliseconds so 100 200 about 270 milliseconds ahead of true time which is this yellow Mark right here while the green one has actually drifted about 120 milliseconds back so the difference between them is about 400 milliseconds nearly half a second but while that might have been fine in 1980 modern computers can perform literally millions of calculations in that time which means there are Speedy boy over here ends up waiting around for the slower second machine now watch this and it's time for an impromptu Vlog this is Ahmed who is much smarter than us and knows how this works and he has remoted into our computer to synchronize our nonsense here he like hand built this card apparently what all that is doing right now is enabling the Precision Time protocol or PTP which should clamp things down to be nearly a million times more accurate than they were before how are your kids doing on that I think I hear some kids in the background getting lots of sleep I bet right yeah not true I apologize for Alex bunging up all of your carefully configured stuff did you say Alex is inbred what we think we know what happened the Nick that is behind our time card here seems to be experiencing some kind of thermal shutdown event whose idea was it to do this with Nooks yay I think we got it okay all right awesome thank you now that we're synced up we can zoom all the way in we're at a hundred milliseconds per line in our grid here we can go all the way down to one microsecond you can see the difference is about 1.2 micro seconds that's about a thousand nanoseconds and when we're talking about time increments that small I mean you can actually see that this offset is very constant between the two that's because that's the amount of time it actually takes for the signal to pass through the fpga through the PCI Express bus so we can actually put an offset in to have this thing dialed in exactly to GPS time but why does it matter I'm so glad you asked with two computers honestly speaking it doesn't very much but if your Facebook or Google or let's say the entire internet making sure that every user gets the correct information is very important I mean you don't want someone's friend list to change based on which server they connect to for instance right so this means that every time a request is made for some information checks need to be done to ensure that the user is getting the most current information but deciding what the most current information is can add a lot of overhead in the past if there was some kind of disagreement it was typically settled with a vote so the request goes out and all of the machines need to decide what information is correct by voting when half of the machines say the information is correct it gets sent to the user this is easy enough if you just have a handful of machines but when you're dealing with a data center where thousands or even millions of machines are involved I think you can see why having all all of them vote on every single user request isn't feasible so nowadays instead of a vote a proposal is blasted out basically asking everyone hey is this the correct dog photo and if no one yells back no it needs to have the text Mondays then the photo gets sent to the user but the thing is that this method assumes that all of the clocks are in sync in order to work and if they aren't we can run into problems for example let's say that system a is two milliseconds behind true time and system B is three milliseconds ahead of true time these are totally realistic numbers by the way as you guys saw if system B sends out a message and system a receives it almost immediately in less than that difference less than five milliseconds system a will think that it got a message from the future now thankfully the smart people at these massive data centers they have some kind of fancy code to allow different different machines to deal with receiving time stamped data in the future right no they actually don't it turns out that the most foolproof solution to this problem is to just add a massive 20 millisecond delay to every single request to ensure that every machine is always receiving data that is time stamped from the past that is why adding an atomic clock to the mix and getting the timing of every computer down to this nanosecond scale of precision and accuracy both has such a profound performance impact in Facebook's case they were able to get 100 times the throughput by eliminating that 20 millisecond delay what makes this incredibly cool though is that it can be used for way more than helping Facebook efficiently sell your data or a hedge fund make millions with computerized transactions the entire project is open source and can be implemented by anyone any way they would like like if we wanted nanoseconds level order information on lttstore.com so we know exactly who got a mouse pad you know before they're sold out again one of the other ways that this could affect you in the coming years is Competitive Gaming by having highly accurate clocks in every computer around the world packet time stamping would become a lot simpler and especially more fair for people who are geographically farther away from the game server I could be playing Battlefield for instance against someone in Korea and since the server would know down to a few dozen nanoseconds who clicked first it would always accurately determine who got a headshot and who's going back to the loadout screen so Ahmed who hand built our time card and sent it to us really wants to create a simpler version of this that could be put into any NVMe slot to give Gamers access to this technology and since there's a good chance that the Nic in their computer already supports PTP it's not even that crazy of a goal in the longer term hey Bigfoot networks dream of a of a gaming Nick that actually does anything could finally come true yeah and implementing this super accurate timing also has some really cool applications for the Fiber Optic Cables running beneath the ocean roughly every 80 kilometers or so there's a signal booster going across the ocean and if one of those goes down well it shouldn't be a surprise to you that accessing a cable run that is several kilometers underwater is pretty inconvenient but the thing is before these repeaters give up the ghost they will usually start running slower and with accurate timing on either side you could actually figure out that the signal is taking longer than expected and figure out which repeater is beginning to fail from here you could reduce the amount of data going through it to extend the repeater's life and schedule repairs even more mind-boggling the undersea cables can be used to detect gravitational waves you might remember our video at the laser interface ferrometer gravitational wave Observatory or ligo where they use lasers to Super accurately measure changes in the physical size of the Earth due to black holes colliding or something well ligo is actually currently working with the time Appliance project to get the timing between their three locations to within a single clock cycle of their processors but by accurately measuring the time it takes for light to cross the ocean you have suddenly turned the whole world into a gravitational wave detector instead of just a four kilometer stretch of desert in Washington State accurate timing also has huge implications for security like if you know that it always takes 10 milliseconds for a message to be sent between two computers if there's some deviation like if someone tried to inject something or sniff the packets you can just ignore the data that didn't arrive than you expected it to and finally PTP could have a huge impact on streaming and live content currently there's no real way to verify the Integrity of a stream you're basically just pushing out data and counting on user complaints to tell you that something is wrong with it with tighter clocks it should be possible to have much higher image quality with fewer chances of corruption occurring along the way although with these examples we are only scratching the surface of what can be done here the best part of all this is that there are probably loads of ways that this Tech will be used that no one has thought of yet and since again the whole project is open source anyone can implement it and change it however they want there really isn't much in the way of this gaining widespread support like I said before the tech is already built into a lot of computers and is already being used by Regular People for things like 5G and GPS so make sure to hit like if you enjoyed this and spread the word also we're considering implementing this in our office to see if we get some kind of network performance benefit so make sure you're subscribed so you don't miss that are we really going to do that uh uh maybe I'm not sure either what I am sure about is our sponsor thanks to Squarespace for sponsoring this video if you need a website and don't know how to make it Squarespace makes it easy there's a wide selection of award-winning templates and all of them are optimized for mobile so your website will look great on any device you can create members only content for extra Revenue using squarespace's members area you can grow and engage with your audience with the powerful and easy to use email campaign system and if you ever need additional help Squarespace offers webinars a full series of help guides or you can contact their 24 7 customer support via live chat and email so don't wait get started today by going to squarespace.com forward slash LTT where you can get 10 off your first purchase if you enjoyed this and you're looking for more sciency videos from us check out our tour of ligo the engineering that goes into the detection of gravitational waves is truly mind-bending"}